O-Mannosyltransferase Deficient Filamentous Fungal Cells and Methods of Use Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods useful for the production of heterologous proteins with reduced O-mannosylation in filamentous fungal cells, such as  Trichoderma  cells. More specifically, the invention provides a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell comprising a) at least a first mutation that reduces an endogenous protease activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said first mutation, and, b) at least a second mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said second mutation, wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group consisting of  Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora  or  Chrysosporium  cell.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to compositions and methods useful for the production of heterologous proteins in filamentous fungal cells.

BACKGROUND

Posttranslational modification of eukaryotic proteins, particularly therapeutic proteins such as immunoglobulins, is often necessary for proper protein folding and function. Because standard prokaryotic expression systems lack the proper machinery necessary for such modifications, alternative expression systems have to be used in production of these therapeutic proteins. Even where eukaryotic proteins do not have posttranslational modifications, prokaryotic expression systems often lack necessary chaperone proteins required for proper folding. Yeast and fungi are attractive options for expressing proteins as they can be easily grown at a large scale in simple media, which allows low production costs, and yeast and fungi have posttranslational machinery and chaperones that perform similar functions as found in mammalian cells. Moreover, tools are available to manipulate the relatively simple genetic makeup of yeast and fungal cells as well as more complex eukaryotic cells such as mammalian or insect cells (De Pourcq et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 87(5):1617-31).

However, posttranslational modifications occurring in yeast and fungi may still be a concern for the production of recombinant therapeutic protein. In particular, O-mannosylation is one of the biggest hurdles to overcome in the production of biopharmaceuticals for human applications in fungi. More specifically, yeasts like Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae tend to hyper-mannosylate heterologously expressed biopharmaceuticals, thereby triggering adverse effects when applied to humans.

O-mannosylation to Serine and Threonine residues includes in mammals GalNAc based oligosaccharides or GlcNAc/N-acetyllactosamine comprising O-linked mannose glycans. In fungi O-mannosylation occurs as hexose monomers or oligomers. In yeasts, there are typically several protein(/polypeptide) O-mannosyltransferases, which often function as complexes. Part of the knock-outs are harmful, at least for cell structures and stability and not all yeast knock-outs or combinations are tolerated (for a review, see Goto 2007, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71(6), 1415-1427).

There have been reports of knock-outs of yeast O-mannosyltransferase genes, aiming to reduce the O-mannosylation levels, and even multiple knock-out mutants involving two or three pmt genes in S. cerevisiae (WO/1994/004687). Pmt1 or pmt2 knock-out of S. cerevisiae reduced the level of O-mannosylation of antifreeze glycoprotein III to about 30% of the proteins and the residual mannosylated protein contains numerous mannose residues per protein, apparently also oligosaccharides (WO/2004/057007).

WO/2010/034708 reports no significant level of O-mannosylation of recombinant hydrophobin Trichoderma protein when expressed in pmt1 knock-out of S. cerevisiae host cell. Such O-mannosylation appears to be artificial yeast glycosylation of the original non-mannosylated filamentous fungal protein.

WO/2010/128143 further reports single chain antibody-albumin fusion construct in yeast S. cerevisiae pmt1 and/or pmt4 knock-out strains.

Pmt1, pmt2, and pmt3 single gene knock-outs, double, and triple knock-outs of

Aspergillus species (Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and/or Aspergillus awamori) are described in Goto et al, 2009 (Eukaryotic cell 2009, 8(10):1465); Mouyna et al, 2010 (Molecular Microbiology 2010, 76(5), 1205-1221); Zhou et al, 2007 (Eukaryotic cell 2007, 6(12):2260); Oka et al, 2004 (Microbiology 2004, 150, 1973-1982); Kriangkripipat et al, 2009; Fang et al, 2010 (Glycobiology, 2010, vol. 20 pp 542-552); and Oka et al, 2005 (Microbiology 2005, 151, 3657-3667).

Despite numerous reports on knock out of pmt homologues in filamentous fungi, there is no description of a filamentous fungal cell with reduced O-mannosylation and useful as a host cell for the production of recombinant glycoprotein.

In particular, Gorka-Niec et al (2008, Acta Biochimica Polonica, Vol. 55 No 2/2008, 251-259) reported the deletion of pmt1 gene in Trichoderma reesei. PMT1 protein showed the highest identity to Pmt4p of S. cerevisiae (51%) but functionally complement pmt2Δ S. cerevisiae mutant (Gorka-Niec et al, 2007, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1770, 2007, 774-780). However, the authors reported that disruption of the pmt1 gene caused a decrease of protein secretion but did not alter O- and N-glycosylation of secreted protein. Zakrzewska et al (Curr Genet 2003 43: 11-16) further reported that Trichoderma reesei pmt1 gene did not functionally complement pmt4Δ S. cerevisiae mutant.

In fact, deletions of the PMT genes in yeasts or filamentous fungi appears to either result in no phenotype at all or lethality or severely impaired vital functions of the cells, which would not be suitable for recombinant production of heterologous proteins, especially mammalian glycoproteins. For this reason, alternative methods such as the use of pmt inhibitors have been proposed as an alternative to pmt knock out strains (WO2009/143041).

Thus, a need remains for improved filamentous fungal cells, such as Trichoderma fungus cells, that can stably produce heterologous proteins with no or reduced O-mannosylation, such as immunoglobulins, preferably at high levels of expression.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to improved methods for producing proteins with no or reduced O-mannosylation in filamentous fungal expression systems, and more specifically, glycoproteins, such as antibodies or related immunoglobulins or fusion proteins which may be O-mannosylated when produced in filamentous fungal expression systems.

The present invention is based in part on the surprising discovery that filamentous fungal cells, such as Trichoderma cells, can be genetically modified to reduce or suppress O-mannosylation activity, without adversely affecting viability and yield of produced glycoproteins.

Accordingly, in a first aspect, the invention relates to a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell comprising

-   a) a first mutation that reduces or eliminates an endogenous     protease activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell     which does not have said first mutation, and, -   b) a second mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous     O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a parental filamentous     fungal cell which does not have said second mutation,     wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group     consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora and     Chrysosporium cell.

In one embodiment, said PMT-deficient cell further expresses a heterologous protein containing serine and/or threonine residues. The expressed heterologous protein with serine and/or threonine residues has reduced O-mannosylation due to said mutation in said PMT gene. For example, the O-mannosylation level of the heterologous protein expressed in a PMT-deficient cell of the invention is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or at least 90% lower as compared to the O-mannosylation level of the heterologous protein when expressed in the parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said second PMT-deficient mutation.

In another embodiment, said second mutation that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity is a deletion or a disruption of a PMT gene encoding an endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity.

In another embodiment, said second PMT-deficient mutation in a PMT gene may be a mutation (such as a deletion or disruption) in either:

-   a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, -   b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which functional gene     is capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by functional     complementation when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a     disruption in said PMT1 gene, or, -   c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%, at     least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity with     SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having O-mannosyltransferase activity.

In another embodiment that may be combined with the precedent embodiments, said PMT-deficient cell has a third mutation that reduces or eliminates the level of expression of an ALG3 gene compared to the level of expression in a parental cell which does not have such third mutation. In a specific embodiment, said PMT-deficient cell further comprises a first polynucleotide encoding N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain and a second polynucleotide encoding N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain.

In another embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, said PMT-deficient cell further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

-   a) α1,2 mannosidase, -   b) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain, -   c) α mannosidase II, and -   d) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain.

In another embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, said PMT-deficient cell further comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding a β1,4 galactosyltransferase and/or a fucosyltransferase.

In one specific embodiment, said PMT-deficient cell is a Trichoderma cell comprising at least a mutation that reduces or eliminates the protein O-mannosyltransferase activity of Trichoderma pmt1, and, optionally, further comprising mutations in at least one or more other PMT genes that reduces or eliminates the protein O-mannosyltransferase activity selected from the group consisting of pmt2 and pmt3.

In one embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, the PMT deficient cells comprise mutations that reduce or eliminate the activity of at least two, or at least three endogenous proteases. Typically, said cell may be a Trichoderma cell and may comprise mutations that reduce or eliminate the activity of

-   a) the three endogenous proteases pep1, tsp1 and slp1, -   b) the three endogenous proteases gap1, slp1 and pep1, -   c) three endogenous proteases selected from the group consisting of     pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep8, pep11, pep12, tsp1, slp1, slp2,     slp3, slp7, gap1 and gap2, -   d) three to six proteases selected from the group consisting of     pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, gap1 and gap2,     or, -   e) seven to ten proteases selected from the group consisting of     pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep7, pep8, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3,     slp5, slp6, slp7, slp8, tpp1, gap1 and gap2.

In one embodiment that may be combined with the precedent embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell of the invention does not comprise a deletion or disruption of an endogenous gene encoding a chaperone protein. In particular, said filamentous fungal cell of the invention expresses functional endogenous chaperone protein Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI).

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing a protein having reduced O-mannosylation, comprising:

-   a) providing a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell, having a     mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase     activity as compared to parental strain which does not have such     mutation, and further comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein     with serine or threonine residue, -   b) culturing said PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell to produce     said protein with reduced O-mannosylation,     wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group     consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora and     Chrysosporium cell.

According to one specific embodiment of the method, said mutation in a PMT gene is a mutation, such as a deletion or disruption, in either:

-   a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, -   b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which gene is capable     of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by functional     complementation when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a     disruption in said PMT1 gene, or, -   c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%, at     least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95% identity with     SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having protein O-mannosyltransferase     activity.

In another embodiment of the method, said PMT-deficient cell is a Trichoderma reesei cell and said mutation is a deletion or a disruption of T. reesei PMT1 gene.

In other embodiments of the method, said PMT-deficient cell is a PMT-deficient cell of the invention as described above.

In a specific embodiment, said polynucleotide encoding a protein is a recombinant polynucleotide encoding a heterologous protein. Typically, said heterologous protein may be a mammalian protein selected from the group consisting of

-   -   a) an immunoglubulin, such as IgG,     -   b) a light chain or heavy chain of an immunoglobulin,     -   c) a heavy chain or a light chain of an antibody,     -   d) a single chain antibody,     -   e) a camelid antibody,     -   f) a monomeric or multimeric single domain antibody,     -   g) a FAb-fragment, a FAb2-fragment, and,     -   h) their antigen-binding fragments.

In one embodiment of the method, that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, said polynucleotide encoding said protein further comprises a polynucleotide encoding CBH1 catalytic domain and linker as a carrier protein and/or cbh1 promoter.

In another embodiment, said polynucleotide encodes a protein with serine or threonine, which may be O-mannosylated in a PMT functional parental strain, and further comprising at least one N-glycan.

The invention also relates to a method for producing an antibody having reduced 0-mannosylation, comprising:

-   -   a) providing a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell having         -   i. a mutation that reduces endogenous protein             O-mannosyltransferase activity as compared to parental             strain which does not have such mutation and         -   ii. a polynucleotide encoding a light chain antibody and a             polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain antibody,     -   b) culturing the cell to produce said antibody, consisting of         heavy and light chains, having reduced O-mannosylation,     -   wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group         consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora and         Chrysosporium cell.

In a specific method for producing antibody, said PMT-deficient cell is a Trichoderma reesei cell and said mutation is a deletion or a disruption of T. reesei PMT1 gene.

In one embodiment of the method for producing antibody, at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the produced antibody is not O-mannosylated.

The invention also relates to the protein composition or antibody composition obtainable or obtained by the methods of the invention as described above. In one embodiment, at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the antibodies as obtained or obtainable the methods of the invention are not O-mannosylated.

In one specific embodiment, such protein (e.g. a glycoprotein) or antibody composition with reduced O-mannosylation comprises, as a major glycoform, either,

-   -   Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5 glycoform);     -   Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man3 glycoform);     -   hybrid or complex type N-glycans such as glycoforms selected         from the subgroup consisting of GlcNAcMan3, G0, hybrid glycan,         or GlcNAcMan5, or galactosylated derivatives, such as         GalGlcNAcMan3, G1, G2; or, GalGlcNAcMan5 glycoform.

In one specific embodiment, when the core of the glycan consists of Man3, then the composition essentially lacks Man5 glycoforms.

In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0% of the N-glycans and/or O-glycans of the protein composition comprises Neu5Gc and/or Galα− structure. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0% of the N-glycans and/or O-glycans of the antibody composition comprises Neu5Gc and/or Galα− structure.

In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the glycoprotein composition comprises core fucose structures. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the antibody composition comprises core fucose structures.

In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of N-glycan of the glycoprotein composition comprises terminal galactose epitopes Galβ3/4GlcNAc. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the antibody composition comprises terminal galactose epitopes Galβ3/4GlcNAc.

In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, less than 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the glycoprotein composition comprises glycation structures. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the antibody composition comprises glycation structures.

In another embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, the glycoprotein composition, such as an antibody is devoid of one, two, three, four, five, or six of the structures selected from the group of Neu5Gc, terminal Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc, terminal Galβ4GlcNAc, terminal Galβ3GlcNAc, core linked fucose and glycation structures.

The invention also relates to a method of reducing O-mannosylation level of a recombinant glycoprotein composition produced in a filamentous fungal cell, for example, Trichoderma cell, typically, Trichoderma reesei, said method consisting of using a filamentous fungal cell having a mutation in a PMT gene wherein said PMT gene is either:

-   -   i. PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1,     -   ii. a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which gene is         capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by         functional complementation when introduced into a T. reesei         strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, or,     -   iii. a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least         50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95%         identity with SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having protein         O-mannosyltransferase activity.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts results for Southern analyses of Trichoderma reesei pmt1 deletion strains expressing antibody MAB01. A) A 5.7 kb signal is expected from parental strains M124 and M304 with pmt1 ORF probe after SpeI+XbaI digestion. No signal is expected from pure pmt1 deletion strains. B) A 3.5 kb signal is expected for pmt1 5′flank probe from deletion strains after SpeI+AscI digestion. C) A 1.7 kb signal is expected for pmt1 3′flank probe from deletion strains after AscI+XbaI digestions. AscI does not cut intact pmt1 locus in close distance, therefore signals of over 16 kb (B) and 10 kb (C) are expected from parental strains M124 or M304. A 4.1 kb signal is expected from PmeI digested plasmid pTTv185 used as a control in hybridisations with both flank probes (B, C).

FIG. 2 depicts a spectra of light chain of flask cultured parental T. reesei strain M317 (pyr4⁻ of M304) (A) and Δpmt1 disruptant clone 26-8A (B), day 7.

FIG. 3 depicts results for Western analyses of Trichoderma reesei pmt1 deletion strain M403 from fed-batch fermentation. Upper panel: MAB01 light chain, lower panel: MAB01 heavy chain. 0.1 μl of supernatant was loaded on each lane.

FIG. 4 depicts a spectrum of light chain of fermenter cultured T. reesei strain M403 (pmt1 deletion strain of MAB01 antibody producing strain, clone 26-8A), day 7.

FIG. 5 depicts a phylogeny of PMTs of selected filamentous fungi.

FIG. 6 depicts a partial sequence alignment of the results of the PMT BLAST searches.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used herein, an “expression system” or a “host cell” refers to the cell that is genetically modified to enable the transcription, translation and proper folding of a polypeptide or a protein of interest, typically of mammalian protein.

The term “polynucleotide” or “oligonucleotide” or “nucleic acid” as used herein typically refers to a polymer of at least two nucleotides joined together by a phosphodiester bond and may consist of either ribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides or their derivatives that can be introduced into a host cell for genetic modification of such host cell. For example, a polynucleotide may encode a coding sequence of a protein, and/or comprise control or regulatory sequences of a coding sequence of a protein, such as enhancer or promoter sequences or terminator. A polynucleotide may for example comprise native coding sequence of a gene or their fragments, or variant sequences that have been optimized for optimal gene expression in a specific host cell (for example to take into account codon bias).

As used herein, the term, “optimized” with reference to a polynucleotide means that a polynucleotide has been altered to encode an amino acid sequence using codons that are preferred in the production cell or organism, for example, a filamentous fungal cell such as a Trichoderma cell. Heterologous nucleotide sequences that are transfected in a host cell are typically optimized to retain completely or as much as possible the amino acid sequence originally encoded by the original (not optimized) nucleotide sequence. The optimized sequences herein have been engineered to have codons that are preferred in the corresponding production cell or organism, for example the filamentous fungal cell. The amino acid sequences encoded by optimized nucleotide sequences may also be referred to as optimized.

As used herein, a “peptide” or a “polypeptide” is an amino acid sequence including a plurality of consecutive polymerized amino acid residues. The peptide or polypeptide may include modified amino acid residues, naturally occurring amino acid residues not encoded by a codon, and non-naturally occurring amino acid residues. As used herein, a “protein” may refer to a peptide or a polypeptide or a combination of more than one peptide or polypeptide assembled together by covalent or non-covalent bonds. Unless specified, the term “protein” may encompass one or more amino acid sequences with their post-translation modifications, and in particular with either O-mannosylation or N-glycan modifications.

As used herein, the term “glycoprotein” refers to a protein which comprises at least one N-linked glycan attached to at least one asparagine residue of a protein, or at least one mannose attached to at least one serine or threonine resulting in O-mannosylation.

The terms “O-mannosylation” or “O-mannosyltransferase activity” are used herein to refer to the covalent linkage of at least one mannose to one specific amino acid via one oxygen (typically from serine or threonine). O-mannosyltransferase protein typically adds mannose to hydroxyl groups such as hydroxyl of serine or threonine residues.

In particular, O-mannosyltransferase activity may refer to the specificity of O-mannosyltransferase activity of fungal PMT gene encoding enzymes, and more specifically with the same specificity of T. reesei PMT1.

As used herein, “glycan” refers to an oligosaccharide chain that can be linked to a carrier such as an amino acid, peptide, polypeptide, lipid or a reducing end conjugate. In certain embodiments, the invention relates to N-linked glycans (“N-glycan”) conjugated to a polypeptide N-glycosylation site such as -Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr- by N-linkage to side-chain amide nitrogen of asparagine residue (Asn), where Xaa is any amino acid residue except Pro. The invention may further relate to glycans as part of dolichol-phospho-oligosaccharide (Dol-P-P-OS) precursor lipid structures, which are precursors of N-linked glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells. The precursor oligosaccharides are linked from their reducing end to two phosphate residues on the dolichol lipid. For example, α3-mannosyltransferase Alg3 modifies the Dol-P-P-oligosaccharide precursor of N-glycans. Generally, the glycan structures described herein are terminal glycan structures, where the non-reducing residues are not modified by other monosaccharide residue or residues.

As used throughout the present disclosure, glycolipid and carbohydrate nomenclature is essentially according to recommendations by the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (e.g. Carbohydrate Res. 1998, 312, 167; Carbohydrate Res. 1997, 297, 1; Eur. J. Biochem. 1998, 257, 29). It is assumed that Gal (galactose), Glc (glucose), GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine), GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine), Man (mannose), and Neu5Ac are of the D-configuration, Fuc of the L-configuration, and all the monosaccharide units in the pyranose form (D-Galp, D-Glcp, D-GlcpNAc, D-GalpNAc, D-Manp, L-Fucp, D-Neup5Ac). The amine group is as defined for natural galactose and glucosamines on the 2-position of GalNAc or GlcNAc. Glycosidic linkages are shown partly in shorter and partly in longer nomenclature, the linkages of the sialic acid SA/Neu5X-residues α3 and α6 mean the same as α2-3 and α2-6, respectively, and for hexose monosaccharide residues α1-3, α1-6, β1-2, β1-3, β1-4, and β1-6 can be shortened as α3, α6, β2, β3, β4, and β6, respectively. Lactosamine refers to type II N-acetyllactosamine, Galβ4GlcNAc, and/or type I N-acetyllactosamine. Galβ3GlcNAc and sialic acid (SA) refer to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), or any other natural sialic acid including derivatives of Neu5X. Sialic acid is referred to as NeuNX or Neu5X, where preferably X is Ac or Gc. Occasionally Neu5Ac/Gc/X may be referred to as NeuNAc/NeuNGc/NeuNX.

The sugars typically constituting N-glycans found in mammalian glycoprotein, include, without limitation, N-acetylglucosamine (abbreviated hereafter as “GlcNAc”), mannose (abbreviated hereafter as “Man”), glucose (abbreviated hereafter as “Glc”), galactose (abbreviated hereafter as “Gal”), and sialic acid (abbreviated hereafter as “Neu5Ac”). N-glycans share a common pentasaccharide referred to as the “core” structure Man₃GlcNAc₂ (Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc, referred to as Man3). In some embodiments Man3 glycan or its derivative Manα6(GlcNAcβ2Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc is the major glycoform. When a fucose is attached to the core structure, preferably α6-linked to reducing end GlcNAc, the N-glycan or the core of N-glycan, may be represented as Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc). In an embodiment the major N-glycan is Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5).

Preferred hybrid type N-glycans comprise GlcNAcβ2Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (“GlcNAcMan5”), or b4-galactosylated derivatives thereof Galβ4GlcNAcMan3, G1, G2, or GalGlcNAcMan5 glycoform.

A “complex N-glycan” refers to a N-glycan which has at least one GlcNAc residue, optionally by GlcNAcβ2-residue, on terminal 1,3 mannose arm of the core structure and at least one GlcNAc residue, optionally by GlcNAcβ2-residue, on terminal 1,6 mannose arm of the core structure.

Such complex N-glycans include, without limitation, GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ (also referred as G0 glycoform), Gal₁GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ (also referred as G1 glycoform), and Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂ (also referred as G2 glycoform), and their core fucosylated glycoforms FG0, FG1 and FG2, respectively GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), Gal₁GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc), and Gal₂GlcNAc₂Man₃GlcNAc₂(Fuc).

“Increased” or “Reduced activity of an endogenous enzyme”: The filamentous fungal cell may have increased or reduced levels of activity of various endogenous enzymes. A reduced level of activity may be provided by inhibiting the activity of the endogenous enzyme with an inhibitor, an antibody, or the like. In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell is genetically modified in ways to increase or reduce activity of various endogenous enzymes. “Genetically modified” refers to any recombinant DNA or RNA method used to create a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell that expresses a polypeptide at elevated levels, at lowered levels, or in a mutated form. In other words, the host cell has been transfected, transformed, or transduced with a recombinant polynucleotide molecule, and thereby been altered so as to cause the cell to alter expression of a desired protein.

“Genetic modifications” which result in a decrease or deficiency in gene expression, in the function of the gene, or in the function of the gene product (i.e., the protein encoded by the gene) can be referred to as inactivation (complete or partial), knock-out, deletion, disruption, interruption, blockage, silencing, or down-regulation, or attenuation of expression of a gene. For example, a genetic modification in a gene which results in a decrease in the function of the protein encoded by such gene, can be the result of a complete deletion of the gene (i.e., the gene does not exist, and therefore the protein does not exist), a mutation in the gene which results in incomplete (disruption) or no translation of the protein (e.g., the protein is not expressed), or a mutation in the gene which decreases or abolishes the natural function of the protein (e.g., a protein is expressed which has decreased or no enzymatic activity or action). More specifically, reference to decreasing the action of proteins discussed herein generally refers to any genetic modification in the host cell in question, which results in decreased expression and/or functionality (biological activity) of the proteins and includes decreased activity of the proteins (e.g., decreased catalysis), increased inhibition or degradation of the proteins as well as a reduction or elimination of expression of the proteins. For example, the action or activity of a protein can be decreased by blocking or reducing the production of the protein, reducing protein action, or inhibiting the action of the protein. Combinations of some of these modifications are also possible. Blocking or reducing the production of a protein can include placing the gene encoding the protein under the control of a promoter that requires the presence of an inducing compound in the growth medium. By establishing conditions such that the inducer becomes depleted from the medium, the expression of the gene encoding the protein (and therefore, of protein synthesis) could be turned off. Blocking or reducing the action of a protein could also include using an excision technology approach similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,546. To use this approach, the gene encoding the protein of interest is cloned between specific genetic sequences that allow specific, controlled excision of the gene from the genome. Excision could be prompted by, for example, a shift in the cultivation temperature of the culture, as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,546, or by some other physical or nutritional signal.

In general, according to the present invention, an increase or a decrease in a given characteristic of a mutant or modified protein (e.g., enzyme activity) is made with reference to the same characteristic of a parent (i.e., normal, not modified) protein that is derived from the same organism (from the same source or parent sequence), which is measured or established under the same or equivalent conditions. Similarly, an increase or decrease in a characteristic of a genetically modified host cell (e.g., expression and/or biological activity of a protein, or production of a product) is made with reference to the same characteristic of a wild-type host cell of the same species, and preferably the same strain, under the same or equivalent conditions. Such conditions include the assay or culture conditions (e.g., medium components, temperature, pH, etc.) under which the activity of the protein (e.g., expression or biological activity) or other characteristic of the host cell is measured, as well as the type of assay used, the host cell that is evaluated, etc. As discussed above, equivalent conditions are conditions (e.g., culture conditions) which are similar, but not necessarily identical (e.g., some conservative changes in conditions can be tolerated), and which do not substantially change the effect on cell growth or enzyme expression or biological activity as compared to a comparison made under the same conditions.

Preferably, a genetically modified host cell that has a genetic modification that increases or decreases (reduces) the activity of a given protein (e.g., an O-mannosyltransferase or protease) has an increase or decrease, respectively, in the activity or action (e.g., expression, production and/or biological activity) of the protein, as compared to the activity of the protein in a parent host cell (which does not have such genetic modification), of at least about 5%, and more preferably at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55 60%, 65%, 70%, 75 80%, 85 90%, 95%, or any percentage, in whole integers between 5% and 100% (e.g., 6%, 7%, 8%, etc.).

In another aspect of the invention, a genetically modified host cell that has a genetic modification that increases or decreases (reduces) the activity of a given protein (e.g., an O-mannosyltransferase or protease) has an increase or decrease, respectively, in the activity or action (e.g., expression, production and/or biological activity) of the protein, as compared to the activity of the wild-type protein in a parent host cell, of at least about 2-fold, and more preferably at least about 5-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 75-fold, 100-fold, 125-fold, 150-fold, or any whole integer increment starting from at least about 2-fold (e.g., 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, etc.).

As used herein, the terms “identical” or percent “identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, refers to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same. Two sequences are “substantially identical” if two sequences have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., 29% identity, optionally 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identity over a specified region, or, when not specified, over the entire sequence), when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window, or designated region as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection. Optionally, the identity exists over a region that is at least about 50 nucleotides (or 10 amino acids) in length, or more preferably over a region that is 100 to 500 or 1000 or more nucleotides (or 20, 50, 200, or more amino acids) in length.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters. When comparing two sequences for identity, it is not necessary that the sequences be contiguous, but any gap would carry with it a penalty that would reduce the overall percent identity. For blastn, the default parameters are Gap opening penalty=5 and Gap extension penalty=2. For blastp, the default parameters are Gap opening penalty=11 and Gap extension penalty=1.

A “comparison window,” as used herein, includes reference to a segment of any one of the number of contiguous positions including, but not limited to from 20 to 600, usually about 50 to about 200, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence may be compared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguous positions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted, e.g., by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J Mol Biol 48(3):443-453, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(8):2444-2448, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment and visual inspection [see, e.g., Brent et al., (2003) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Ringbou Ed)].

Two examples of algorithms that are suitable for determining percent sequence identity and sequence similarity are the BLAST and BLAST 2.0 algorithms, which are described in Altschul et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res 25(17):3389-3402 and Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol Biol 215(3)-403-410, respectively. Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) or 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength of 3, and expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix [see Henikoff and Henikoff, (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(22):10915-10919] alignments (B) of 50, expectation (E) of 10, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands.

The BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin and Altschul, (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(12):5873-5877). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a nucleic acid is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.2, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

“Functional variant” or “functional homologous gene” as used herein refers to a coding sequence or a protein having sequence similarity with a reference sequence, typically, at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% identity with the reference coding sequence or protein, and retaining substantially the same function as said reference coding sequence or protein. A functional variant may retain the same function but with reduced or increased activity. Functional variants include natural variants, for example, homologs from different species or artificial variants, resulting from the introduction of a mutation in the coding sequence. Functional variant may be a variant with only conservatively modified mutations.

“Conservatively modified mutations” as used herein include individual substitutions, deletions or additions to an encoded amino acid sequence which result in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitution tables providing functionally similar amino acids are well known in the art. Such conservatively modified variants are in addition to and do not exclude polymorphic variants, interspecies homologs, and alleles of the disclosure. The following eight groups contain amino acids that are conservative substitutions for one another: 1) Alanine (A), Glycine (G); 2) Aspartic acid (D), Glutamic acid (E); 3) Asparagine (N), Glutamine (Q); 4) Arginine (R), Lysine (K); 5) Isoleucine (I), Leucine (L), Methionine (M), Valine (V); 6) Phenylalanine (F), Tyrosine (Y), Tryptophan (W); 7) Serine (S), Threonine (T); and 8) Cysteine (C), Methionine (M) (see, e.g., Creighton, Proteins (1984)).

Filamentous Fungal Cells

As used herein, “filamentous fungal cells” include cells from all filamentous forms of the subdivision Eumycota and Oomycota (as defined by Hawksworth et al., In, Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of The Fungi, 8th edition, 1995, CAB International, University Press, Cambridge, UK). Filamentous fungal cells are generally characterized by a mycelial wall composed of chitin, cellulose, glucan, chitosan, mannan, and other complex polysaccharides. Vegetative growth is by hyphal elongation and carbon catabolism is obligately aerobic. In contrast, vegetative growth by yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is by budding of a unicellular thallus and carbon catabolism may be fermentative.

Preferably, the filamentous fungal cell is not adversely affected by the transduction of the necessary nucleic acid sequences, the subsequent expression of the proteins (e.g., mammalian proteins), or the resulting intermediates. General methods to disrupt genes of and cultivate filamentous fungal cells are disclosed, for example, for Penicillium, in Kopke et al. (2010) Appl Environ Microbiol. 76(14):4664-74. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00670-10, for Aspergillus, in Maruyama and Kitamoto (2011), Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 765, D0110.1007/978-1-61779-197-0_27; for Neurospora, in Collopy et al. (2010) Methods Mol Biol. 2010; 638:33-40. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-611-5_3; and for Myceliophthora or Chrysosporium PCT/NL2010/000045 and PCT/EP98/06496.

Examples of suitable filamentous fungal cells include, without limitation, cells from an Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Neurospora, Penicillium, Scytalidium, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, or Trichoderma/Hypocrea strain.

In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell is from a Trichoderma sp., Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Chrysosporium, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Filibasidium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Myrothecium, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, or Tolypocladium strain.

In some embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell is a Myceliophthora or Chrysosporium, Neurospora or Trichoderma strain.

Aspergillus fungal cells of the present disclosure may include, without limitation, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, or Aspergillus terreus.

Neurospora fungal cells of the present disclosure may include, without limitation, Neurospora crassa.

Myceliophthora fungal cells of the present disclosure may include, without limitation, Myceliophthora thermophila.

In a preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Trichoderma fungal cell. Trichoderma fungal cells of the present disclosure may be derived from a wild-type Trichoderma strain or a mutant thereof. Examples of suitable Trichoderma fungal cells include, without limitation, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma atroviride, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride; and alternative sexual form thereof (i.e., Hypocrea).

In a more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal cell is a Trichoderma reesei, and for example, strains derived from ATCC 13631 (QM 6a), ATCC 24449 (radiation mutant 207 of QM 6a), ATCC 26921 (QM 9414; mutant of ATCC 24449), VTT-D-00775 (Selinheimo et al., FEBS J., 2006, 273: 4322-4335), Rut-C30 (ATCC 56765), RL-P37 (NRRL 15709) or T. harzianum isolate T3 (Wolffhechel, H., 1989).

The invention described herein relates to a PMT deficient filamentous fungal cell, for example selected from Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora or a Chrysosporium cells, such as Trichoderma reesei fungal cell, comprising:

-   -   a. at least a first mutation that reduces or eliminates an         endogenous protease activity compared to the parental         filamentous fungal cell which does not have said first mutation         (i.e. a protease-deficient mutation), and,     -   b. at least a second mutation in a PMT gene that reduces or         eliminates an endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity compared         to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said         second mutation (i.e. a PMT-deficient mutation).         Proteases with Reduced Activity

It has been found that reducing protease activity enables to increase substantially the production of heterologous mammalian protein. Indeed, such proteases found in filamentous fungal cells that express a heterologous protein normally catalyse significant degradation of the expressed recombinant protein. Thus, by reducing the activity of proteases in filamentous fungal cells that express a heterologous protein, the stability of the expressed protein is increased, resulting in an increased level of production of the protein, and in some circumstances, improved quality of the produced protein (e.g., full-length instead of degraded).

Proteases include, without limitation, aspartic proteases, trypsin-like serine proteases, subtilisin proteases, glutamic proteases, and sedolisin proteases. Such proteases may be identified and isolated from filamentous fungal cells and tested to determine whether reduction in their activity affects the production of a recombinant polypeptide from the filamentous fungal cell. Methods for identifying and isolating proteases are well known in the art, and include, without limitation, affinity chromatography, zymogram assays, and gel electrophoresis. An identified protease may then be tested by deleting the gene encoding the identified protease from a filamentous fungal cell that expresses a recombinant polypeptide, such a heterologous or mammalian polypeptide, and determining whether the deletion results in a decrease in total protease activity of the cell, and an increase in the level of production of the expressed recombinant polypeptide. Methods for deleting genes, measuring total protease activity, and measuring levels of produced protein are well known in the art and include the methods described herein.

Aspartic Proteases

Aspartic proteases are enzymes that use an aspartate residue for hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in polypeptides and proteins. Typically, aspartic proteases contain two highly-conserved aspartate residues in their active site which are optimally active at acidic pH. Aspartic proteases from eukaryotic organisms such as Trichoderma fungi include pepsins, cathepsins, and renins. Such aspartic proteases have a two-domain structure, which is thought to arise from ancestral gene duplication. Consistent with such a duplication event, the overall fold of each domain is similar, though the sequences of the two domains have begun to diverge. Each domain contributes one of the catalytic aspartate residues. The active site is in a cleft formed by the two domains of the aspartic proteases. Eukaryotic aspartic proteases further include conserved disulfide bridges, which can assist in identification of the polypeptides as being aspartic acid proteases.

Nine aspartic proteases have been identified in Trichoderma fungal cells: pep1 (tre74156); pep2 (tre53961); pep3 (tre121133); pep4 (tre77579), pep5 (tre81004), and pep7 (tre58669), pep8 (tre122076), pep11 (121306), and pep12 (tre119876).

Examples of suitable aspartic proteases include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei pep1 (SEQ ID NO: 22), Trichoderma reesei pep2 (SEQ ID NO: 18), Trichoderma reesei pep3 (SEQ ID NO: 19); Trichoderma reesei pep4 (SEQ ID NO: 20), Trichoderma reesei pep5 (SEQ ID NO: 21) and Trichoderma reesei pep7 (SEQ ID NO:23), Trichoderma reesei EGR48424 pep8 (SEQ ID NO:134), Trichoderma reesei EGR49498 pep11 (SEQ ID NO:135), Trichoderma reesei EGR52517 pep12 (SEQ ID NO:35), and homologs thereof. Examples of homologs of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep7, pep8, pep11 and pep12 proteases identified in other organisms are also described in PCT/EP/2013/050186, the content of which being incorporated by reference.

Trypsin-Like Serine Proteases

Trypsin-like serine proteases are enzymes with substrate specificity similar to that of trypsin. Trypsin-like serine proteases use a serine residue for hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in polypeptides and proteins. Typically, trypsin-like serine proteases cleave peptide bonds following a positively-charged amino acid residue. Trypsin-like serine proteases from eukaryotic organisms such as Trichoderma fungi include trypsin 1, trypsin 2, and mesotrypsin. Such trypsin-like serine proteases generally contain a catalytic triad of three amino acid residues (such as histidine, aspartate, and serine) that form a charge relay that serves to make the active site serine nucleophilic. Eukaryotic trypsin-like serine proteases further include an “oxyanion hole” formed by the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of glycine and serine, which can assist in identification of the polypeptides as being trypsin-like serine proteases.

One trypsin-like serine protease has been identified in Trichoderma fungal cells: tsp1 (tre73897). As discussed in PCT/EP/2013/050186, tsp1 has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on expression of recombinant glycoproteins, such as immunoglobulins.

Examples of suitable tsp1 proteases include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei tsp1 (SEQ ID NO: 24) and homologs thereof. Examples of homologs of tsp1 proteases identified in other organisms are described in PCT/EP/2013/050186.

Subtilisin Proteases

Subtilisin proteases are enzymes with substrate specificity similar to that of subtilisin. Subtilisin proteases use a serine residue for hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in polypeptides and proteins. Generally, subtilisin proteases are serine proteases that contain a catalytic triad of the three amino acids aspartate, histidine, and serine. The arrangement of these catalytic residues is shared with the prototypical subtilisin from Bacillus licheniformis. Subtilisin proteases from eukaryotic organisms such as Trichoderma fungi include furin, MBTPS1, and TPP2. Eukaryotic trypsin-like serine proteases further include an aspartic acid residue in the oxyanion hole.

Seven subtilisin proteases have been identified in Trichoderma fungal cells: slp1 (tre51365); slp2 (tre123244); slp3 (tre123234); slp5 (tre64719), slp6 (tre121495), slp7 (tre123865), and slp8 (tre58698). Subtilisin protease slp7 resembles also sedolisin protease tpp1.

Examples of suitable slp proteases include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei slp1 (SEQ ID NO: 25), slp2 (SEQ ID NO: 26); slp3 (SEQ ID NO: 27); slp5 (SEQ ID NO: 28), slp6 (SEQ ID NO: 29), slp7 (SEQ ID NO: 30), and slp8 (SEQ ID NO: 31), and homologs thereof. Examples of homologs of slp proteases identified in other organisms are described in PCT/EP/2013/050186.

Glutamic Proteases

Glutamic proteases are enzymes that hydrolyse the peptide bonds in polypeptides and proteins. Glutamic proteases are insensitive to pepstatin A, and so are sometimes referred to as pepstatin insensitive acid proteases. While glutamic proteases were previously grouped with the aspartic proteases and often jointly referred to as acid proteases, it has been recently found that glutamic proteases have very different active site residues than aspartic proteases.

Two glutamic proteases have been identified in Trichoderma fungal cells: gap1 (tre69555) and gap2 (tre106661). Examples of suitable gap proteases include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei gap1 (SEQ ID NO: 32), Trichoderma reesei gap2 (SEQ ID NO: 33), and homologs thereof. Examples of homologs of gap proteases identified in other organisms are described in PCT/EP/2013/050186.

Sedolisin Proteases and Homologs of Proteases

Sedolisin proteases are enzymes that use a serine residue for hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in polypeptides and proteins. Sedolisin proteases generally contain a unique catalytic triad of serine, glutamate, and aspartate. Sedolisin proteases also contain an aspartate residue in the oxyanion hole. Sedolisin proteases from eukaryotic organisms such as Trichoderma fungi include tripeptidyl peptidase.

Examples of suitable tpp1 proteases include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei tpp1 tre82623 (SEQ ID NO: 34) and homologs thereof. Examples of homologs of tpp1 proteases identified in other organisms are described in PCT/EP/2013/050186.

As used in reference to protease, the term “homolog” refers to a protein which has protease activity and exhibit sequence similarity with a known (reference) protease sequence. Homologs may be identified by any method known in the art, preferably, by using the BLAST tool to compare a reference sequence to a single second sequence or fragment of a sequence or to a database of sequences. As described in the “Definitions” section, BLAST will compare sequences based upon percent identity and similarity.

Preferably, a homologous protease has at least 30% identity with (optionally 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100% identity over a specified region, or, when not specified, over the entire sequence), when compared to one of the protease sequences listed above, including T. reesei pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep7, pep8, pep 11, pep 12, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, slp5, slp6, slp7, slp8, tpp1, gap1 and gap2. Corresponding homologous proteases from N. crassa and M. thermophila are shown in SEQ ID NO: 136-169.

Reducing the Activity of Proteases in the Filamentous Fungal Cell of the Invention

The filamentous fungal cells according to the invention have reduced activity of at least one endogenous protease, typically 2, 3, 4, 5 or more, in order to improve the stability and production of the protein with reduced O-mannosylation in said filamentous fungal cell, preferably in a PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell.

The activity of proteases found in filamentous fungal cells can be reduced by any method known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments reduced activity of proteases is achieved by reducing the expression of the protease, for example, by promoter modification or RNAi.

In further embodiments, the reduced or eliminated expression of the proteases is the result of anti-sense polynucleotides or RNAi constructs that are specific for each of the genes encoding each of the proteases. In one embodiment, an RNAi construct is specific for a gene encoding an aspartic protease such as a pep-type protease, a trypsin-like serine proteases such as a tsp1, a glutamic protease such as a gap-type protease, a subtilisin protease such as a slp-type protease, or a sedolisin protease such as a tpp1 or a slp7 protease. In one embodiment, an RNAi construct is specific for the gene encoding a slp-type protease. In one embodiment, an RNAi construct is specific for the gene encoding slp2, slp3, slp5 or slp6. In one embodiment, an RNAi construct is specific for two or more proteases. In one embodiment, two or more proteases are any one of the pep-type proteases, any one of the trypsin-like serine proteases, any one of the slp-type proteases, any one of the gap-type proteases and/or any one of the sedolisin proteases. In one embodiment, two or more proteases are slp2, slp3, slp5 and/or slp6. In one embodiment, RNAi construct comprises any one of the following nucleic acid sequences (see also PCT/EP/2013/050186).

RNAi Target sequence GCACACTTTCAAGATTGGC (SEQ ID NO: 15) GTACGGTGTTGCCAAGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 16) GTTGAGTACATCGAGCGCGACAGCATTGTGCACACCATGCTTCCCCTCGA GTCCAAGGACAGCATCATCGTTGAGGACTCGTGCAACGGCGAGACGGAGA AGCAGGCTCCCTGGGGTCTTGCCCGTATCTCTCACCGAGAGACGCTCAAC TTTGGCTCCTTCAACAAGTACCTCTACACCGCTGATGGTGGTGAGGGTGT TGATGCCTATGTCATTGACACCGGCACCAACATCGAGCACGTCGACTTTG AGGGTCGTGCCAAGTGGGGCAAGACCATCCCTGCCGGCGATGAGGACGAG GACGGCAACGGCCACGGCACTCACTGCTCTGGTACCGTTGCTGGTAAGAA GTACGGTGTTGCCAAGAAGGCCCACGTCTACGCCGTCAAGGTGCTCCGAT CCAACGGATCCGGCACCATGTCTGACGTCGTCAAGGGCGTCGAGTACG  (SEQ ID NO: 17)

In other embodiments, reduced activity of proteases is achieved by modifying the gene encoding the protease. Examples of such modifications include, without limitation, a mutation, such as a deletion or disruption of the gene encoding said endogenous protease activity.

Accordingly, the invention relates to a filamentous fungal cell, such as a PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell, which has a first mutation that reduces or eliminates at least one endogenous protease activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have such protease deficient mutation, said filamentous fungal cell further comprising at least a second mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a parental Trichoderma cell which does not have said second PMT-deficient mutation.

Deletion or disruption mutation includes without limitation knock-out mutation, a truncation mutation, a point mutation, a missense mutation, a substitution mutation, a frameshift mutation, an insertion mutation, a duplication mutation, an amplification mutation, a translocation mutation, or an inversion mutation, and that results in a reduction in the corresponding protease activity. Methods of generating at least one mutation in a protease encoding gene of interest are well known in the art and include, without limitation, random mutagenesis and screening, site-directed mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, insertional mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, and irradiation.

In certain embodiments, a portion of the protease encoding gene is modified, such as the region encoding the catalytic domain, the coding region, or a control sequence required for expression of the coding region. Such a control sequence of the gene may be a promoter sequence or a functional part thereof, i.e., a part that is sufficient for affecting expression of the gene. For example, a promoter sequence may be inactivated resulting in no expression or a weaker promoter may be substituted for the native promoter sequence to reduce expression of the coding sequence. Other control sequences for possible modification include, without limitation, a leader sequence, a propeptide sequence, a signal sequence, a transcription terminator, and a transcriptional activator.

Protease encoding genes that are present in filamentous fungal cells may also be modified by utilizing gene deletion techniques to eliminate or reduce expression of the gene. Gene deletion techniques enable the partial or complete removal of the gene thereby eliminating their expression. In such methods, deletion of the gene may be accomplished by homologous recombination using a plasmid that has been constructed to contiguously contain the 5′ and 3′ regions flanking the gene.

The protease encoding genes that are present in filamentous fungal cells may also be modified by introducing, substituting, and/or removing one or more nucleotides in the gene, or a control sequence thereof required for the transcription or translation of the gene. For example, nucleotides may be inserted or removed for the introduction of a stop codon, the removal of the start codon, or a frame-shift of the open reading frame. Such a modification may be accomplished by methods known in the art, including without limitation, site-directed mutagenesis and peR generated mutagenesis (see, for example, Botstein and Shortie, 1985, Science 229: 4719; Lo et al., 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 81: 2285; Higuchi et al., 1988, Nucleic Acids Research 16: 7351; Shimada, 1996, Meth. Mol. Bioi. 57: 157; Ho et al., 1989, Gene 77: 61; Horton et al., 1989, Gene 77: 61; and Sarkar and Sommer, 1990, BioTechniques 8: 404).

Additionally, protease encoding genes that are present in filamentous fungal cells may be modified by gene disruption techniques by inserting into the gene a disruptive nucleic acid construct containing a nucleic acid fragment homologous to the gene that will create a duplication of the region of homology and incorporate construct nucleic acid between the duplicated regions. Such a gene disruption can eliminate gene expression if the inserted construct separates the promoter of the gene from the coding region or interrupts the coding sequence such that a nonfunctional gene product results. A disrupting construct may be simply a selectable marker gene accompanied by 5′ and 3′ regions homologous to the gene. The selectable marker enables identification of transformants containing the disrupted gene.

Protease encoding genes that are present in filamentous fungal cells may also be modified by the process of gene conversion (see, for example, Iglesias and Trautner, 1983, Molecular General Genetics 189:5 73-76). For example, in the gene conversion a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the gene is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleotide sequence, which is then transformed into a Trichoderma strain to produce a defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleotide sequence replaces the endogenous gene. It may be desirable that the defective nucleotide sequence also contains a marker for selection of transformants containing the defective gene.

Protease encoding genes of the present disclosure that are present in filamentous fungal cells that express a recombinant polypeptide may also be modified by established anti-sense techniques using a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene (see, for example, Parish and Stoker, 1997, FEMS Microbiology Letters 154: 151-157). In particular, expression of the gene by filamentous fungal cells may be reduced or inactivated by introducing a nucleotide sequence complementary to the nucleotide sequence of the gene, which may be transcribed in the strain and is capable of hybridizing to the mRNA produced in the cells. Under conditions allowing the complementary anti-sense nucleotide sequence to hybridize to the mRNA, the amount of protein translated is thus reduced or eliminated.

Protease encoding genes that are present in filamentous fungal cells may also be modified by random or specific mutagenesis using methods well known in the art, including without limitation, chemical mutagenesis (see, for example, Hopwood, The Isolation of Mutants in Methods in Microbiology (J. R. Norris and D. W. Ribbons, eds.) pp. 363-433, Academic Press, New York, 25 1970). Modification of the gene may be performed by subjecting filamentous fungal cells to mutagenesis and screening for mutant cells in which expression of the gene has been reduced or inactivated. The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, use of a suitable oligonucleotide, subjecting the DNA sequence to peR generated mutagenesis, or any combination thereof. Examples of physical and chemical mutagenizing agents include, without limitation, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N′-nitrosogaunidine (NTG) O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues. When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the filamentous fungal cells, such as Trichoderma cells, to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and then selecting for mutants exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene.

In certain embodiments, the at least one mutation or modification in a protease encoding gene of the present disclosure results in a modified protease that has no detectable protease activity. In other embodiments, the at least one modification in a protease encoding gene of the present disclosure results in a modified protease that has at least 25% less, at least 50% less, at least 75% less, at least 90%, at least 95%, or a higher percentage less protease activity compared to a corresponding non-modified protease.

The filamentous fungal cells or Trichoderma fungal cells of the present disclosure may have reduced or no detectable protease activity of at least three, or at least four proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep8, pep11, pep12, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, slp5, slp6, slp7, gap1 and gap2. In preferred embodiment, a filamentous fungal cell according to the invention is a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell which has a deletion or disruption in at least 3 or 4 endogenous proteases, resulting in no detectable activity for such deleted or disrupted endogenous proteases and further comprising another mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a parental Trichoderma cell which does not have said mutation.

In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in pep1, tsp1, and slp1. In other embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in gap1, slp1, and pep1. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1 and gap1. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1 and pep4. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4 and slp1. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, and slp3. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, and pep3. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3 and pep2. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3, pep2 and pep5. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3, pep2, pep5 and tsp1. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3, pep2, pep5, tsp1 and slp7. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3, pep2, pep5, tsp1, slp7 and slp8. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in slp2, pep1, gap1, pep4, slp1, slp3, pep3, pep2, pep5, tsp1, slp7, slp8 and gap2. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in at least three endogenous proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep8, pep11, pep12, tsp1, slp2, slp3, slp7, gap1 and gap2. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in at least three to six endogenous proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, gap1 and gap2. In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma cell, has reduced or no detectable protease activity in at least seven to ten endogenous proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep7, pep8, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, slp5, slp6, slp7, slp8, tpp1, gap1 and gap2.

In one embodiment that may be combined with the precedent embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell of the invention does not comprise a deletion or disruption of an endogenous gene encoding a chaperone protein. In particular, said filamentous fungal cell of the invention expresses functional endogenous chaperone protein Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI).

Endogenous O-Mannosyltransferase in Filamentous Fungal Cells

O-mannosyltransferases are encoded by pmt genes in yeasts and filamentous fungi, which can be divided into three subfamilies, based on sequence homologies: PMT1, PMT2 and PMT4.

For example, in yeast S. cerevisiae, 7 different PMTs have been characterized: ScPMT1, ScPMT5 and ScPMT7 belong to the PMT1 subfamily. ScPMT2, ScPMT3 and ScPMT6 belong to the PMT2 subfamily and ScPMT4 belongs to the PMT4 subfamily. Such O-mannosyltransferases and their coding sequences may be identified and isolated from filamentous fungal cells and tested to determine whether reduction in their activity enables the reduction of O-mannosylation on secreted O-mannosylated recombinant protein preferably not affecting the production of such recombinant polypeptide from the filamentous fungal cell. Methods for identifying and isolating PMTs are well known in the art. An identified O-mannosyltransferase may then be tested by deleting the gene encoding the identified O-mannosyltransferase from a filamentous fungal cell that expresses a recombinant O-mannosylated protein, such a heterologous or mammalian O-mannosylated protein, and determining whether the deletion results in a decrease in total O-mannosyltransferase activity of the cell, preferably not affecting the level of production of the expressed recombinant protein. Methods for deleting genes and measuring levels of produced protein are well known in the art and include the methods described herein.

Three O-mannosyltransferases have been identified in Trichoderma fungal cells: pmt1, pmt2 and pmt3, belonging respectively based on sequence homologies to the PMT4, PMT1 and PMT2 subfamily.

Examples of suitable O-mannosyltransferase include, without limitation, Trichoderma reesei pmt1 (SEQ ID NO: 2), Trichoderma reesei pmt2 (SEQ ID NO: 3), Trichoderma reesei pmt3 (SEQ ID NO: 4) and homologs thereof. FIG. 5 shows phylogeny of pmt homologs in selected filamentous fungi and FIG. 6 shows an alignment of pmt1 conserved domains among different species.

In a preferred embodiment, said PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell, e.g., a Trichoderma cell, has at least one mutation in a PMT gene selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1,     -   b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which functional         homologous gene is capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation         level by functional complementation when introduced into a T.         reesei strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, and,     -   c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%,         at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95%         identity with SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having protein         O-mannosyltransferase activity.

More preferably, said PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell, e.g., a Trichoderma cell, has at least one mutation in a PMT gene which

-   -   a) has a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least         50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95%         identity with SEQ ID NO:2, and,     -   b) is capable of restoring, at least 50%, preferably about 100%         of parental O-mannosylation level by functional complementation         when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a disruption in         a T. reesei PMT1 gene.

Methods for disrupting PMT1 gene in T. reesei are disclosed in the Examples below.

Sequences of homologs of pmt1 in filamentous fungi can be found in the databases using sequence alignment search tools, such as BLAST algorithm. It includes without limitation, A. oryzae gi391865791, EIT75070.1 (SEQ ID NO:5), A. niger gi317036343, XP_001398147.2 (SEQ ID NO:6), A. nidulans gi67522004, XP_659063.1 (SEQ ID NO:7), T. virens gi358379774, EHK17453.1 (SEQ ID NO:8), T. atroviride gi358400594, EHK49920.1 (SEQ ID NO:9), F. oxysporum gi342879728, EGU80965.1 (SEQ ID NO:10), G. zeae gi46107450, XP_380784.1 (SEQ ID NO:11), M. thermophila gi367020262, XP_003659416.1 (SEQ ID NO:12), N. crassa gi164423013, XP_963926.2 (SEQ ID NO:13), and P. chrysogenum gi255953619, XP_002567562.1 (SEQ ID NO:14).

Reducing Endogenous Protein O-Mannosyltransferase Activity in Filamentous Fungal Cell of the Invention

The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cells according to the invention have reduced activity of at least one O-mannosyltransferase activity, in order to reduce or decrease O-mannosylation in said filamentous fungal cell, preferably Trichoderma cell.

The activity of said O-mannosyltransferases found in filamentous fungal cells can be reduced by any method known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments reduced activity of O-mannosyltransferases is achieved by reducing the expression of the O-mannosyltransferases, for example, by promoter modification or RNAi.

In other embodiments, reduced activity of O-mannosyltransferases is achieved by modifying the gene encoding the O-mannosyltransferase. Examples of such modifications include, without limitation, a mutation, such as a deletion or disruption of the gene encoding said endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity.

Deletion or disruption mutation can be performed as described in the above sections, in particular in relation to deletion or disruption of genes encoding proteases. These includes without limitation knock-out mutation, a truncation mutation, a point mutation, a missense mutation, a substitution mutation, a frameshift mutation, an insertion mutation, a duplication mutation, an amplification mutation, a translocation mutation, or an inversion mutation, and that results in a reduction in the corresponding O-mannosyltransferase activity.

In certain embodiments, the mutation or modification in an O-mannosyltransferase (PMT) encoding gene of the present disclosure results in a modified O-mannosyltransferase that has no detectable O-mannosyltransferase activity. In other embodiments, the at least one modification in a O-mannosyltransferase encoding gene of the present disclosure results in a modified O-mannosyltransferase that has at least 25% less, at least 50% less, at least 75% less, at least 90%, at least 95%, or a higher percentage less O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a corresponding non-modified O-mannosyltransferase.

In preferred embodiment, a mutation that reduces endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity in a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell, e.g. Trichoderma cell, is a PMT-deficient cell which has a deletion or disruption of a PMT gene encoding said O-mannosyltransferase activity, resulting in no detectable expression for such deleted or disrupted PMT gene.

One specific embodiment of the present invention is a PMT-deficient Trichoderma reesei cell, comprising

-   -   a. at least a first mutation that reduces an endogenous protease         activity compared to a parental Trichoderma cell which does not         have said first mutation, and,     -   b. at least a disruption or deletion of PMT1 gene of T. reesei.     -   c. optionally, said cell further express a heterologous protein         with serine or threonine, which has reduced O-mannosylation due         to said mutation in said PMT gene.

The reduction (or decrease) of O-mannosyltransferase activity may be determined by comparing the O-mannosylation level of a heterologous protein in PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell according to the invention, with the O-mannosylation level of a heterologous protein in the parental cell which does not have said PMT-deficient mutation.

In specific embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell according to the invention expresses a heterologous protein which has reduced O-mannosylation due to said mutation in said PMT gene and the O-mannosylation level on the expressed heterologous protein is at least 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% lower than the O-mannosylation level of the heterologous protein when expressed in the parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said second PMT-deficient mutation.

O-mannosylation level may also be determined as mole % of O-mannosylated polypeptide per total polypeptide as produced by the host cell of the invention. Analytical methods, such as MALDI TOF MS analysis may be used to determine O-mannosylation level as described in detail in the Example 1 below, section entitled “Analyses of Dpmt1 strains M403, M404, M406 and M407. In brief, a polypeptide as produced by the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell is purified to determine its O-mannoslyation level. Non O-mannosylated, and O-mannosylated structure of the polypeptide are separated and quantified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. For example, the quantification of O-mannosylation level may be performed by determining area values or intensity of the different peaks of MALDI-TOF MS spectrum. An O-mannosylation level of 5% as determined by such method, using area values or intensity, reflects that about 95% (mol %) of the analysed polypeptides in the composition are not O-mannosylated In specific embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell expresses a heterologous protein which has reduced O-mannosylation due to said mutation in said PMT gene, and the O-mannosylation level on the expressed heterologous protein (for example, as defined above by determining area or intensity values of MALDI TOF MS spectrum peaks) is reduced to less than 25%, 20%, 17%, 15%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%, or 0.5% (as mole % of mannose residues per polypeptide chain).

In an embodiment, the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   a) an immunoglubulin, such as IgG,     -   b) a light chain or heavy chain of an immunoglobulin,     -   c) a heavy chain or a light chain of an antibody,     -   d) a single chain antibody,     -   e) a camelid antibody,     -   f) a monomeric or multimeric single domain antibody,     -   g) a FAb-fragment, a FAb2-fragment, and,     -   h) their antigen-binding fragments.

In a specific embodiment, a mutation that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity is a deletion or a disruption of a PMT gene encoding said engogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity. For example in Trichoderma cell, a mutation that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity is a deletion or a disruption of a PMT1 gene.

Filamentous Fungal Cell for Producing Glycoproteins with Reduced O-Mannosylation and Mammalian-Like N-Glycans

The filamentous fungal cells according to the present invention may be useful in particular for producing heterologous glycoproteins with reduced O-mannosylation and mammalian-like N-glycans, such as complex N-glycans.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the filamentous fungal cell is further genetically modified to produce a mammalian-like N-glycan, thereby enabling in vivo production of glycoprotein with no or reduced O-mannosylation and with mammalian-like N-glycan as major glycoforms.

In certain embodiments, this aspect includes methods of producing glycoproteins with mammalian-like N-glycans in a Trichoderma cell.

In certain embodiment, the glycoprotein comprises, as a major glycoform, the mammalian-like N-glycan having the formula [(Galβ4)_(x)GlcNAcβ2]_(z)Manα3([(Galβ4)_(y)GlcNAcβ2]_(w)Manα6)Man(β4GlcNAcβGlcNAc, where ( ) defines a branch in the structure, where [ ] or { } define a part of the glycan structure either present or absent in a linear sequence, and where x, y, z and w are 0 or 1, independently. In an embodiment w and z are 1.

In certain embodiments, the glycoprotein comprises, as a major glycoform, mammalian-like N-glycan selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i. Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5 glycoform);     -   ii. GlcNAcβ2Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc         (GlcNAcMan5 glycoform);     -   iii. Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man3 glycoform);     -   iv. Manα6(GlcNAcβ2Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (GlcNAcMan3) or,     -   v. complex type N-glycans selected from the G0, G1, or G2         glycoform.

In an embodiment, the glycoprotein composition with mammalian-like N-glycans, preferably produced by an alg3 knock-out strain, include glycoforms that essentially lack or are devoid of glycans Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5). In specific embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell produces glycoproteins with, as major glycoform, the trimannosyl N-glycan structure Manα3[Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc. In other embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell procudes glycoproteins with, as major glycoform, the G0 N-glycan structure GlcNAcβ2Manα3[GlcNAcβ2Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc.

In certain embodiments, the PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of the invention produces glycoprotein composition with a mixture of different N-glycans.

In some embodiments, Man3GlcNAc2 N-glycan (i.e. Manα3[Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc) represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, GlcNAc2Man3 N-glycan (for example G0 GlcNAcβ2Manα3[GlcNAcβ2Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc) represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, GalGlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2 N-glycan (for example G1 N-glycan) represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, GaI2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2 N-glycan (for example G2 N-glycan) represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, complex type N-glycan represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, hybrid type N-glycan represents at least 10%, at least 20%, at least at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of total (mol %) neutral N-glycans of a heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, as expressed in a filamentous fungal cells of the invention.

In other embodiments, less than 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or less than 0.01% of the N-glycan of the glycoprotein composition produced by the host cell of the invention, comprises galactose. In certain embodiments, none of N-glycans comprise galactose.

The Neu5Gc and Galα− (non-reducing end terminal Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc) structures are known xenoantigenic (animal derived) modifications of antibodies which are produced in animal cells such as CHO cells. The structures may be antigenic and, thus, harmful even at low concentrations. The filamentous fungi of the present invention lack biosynthetic pathways to produce the terminal Neu5Gc and Galα− structures. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0% of the N-glycans and/or O-glycans of the glycoprotein composition comprises Neu5Gc and/or Galα− structure. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001% or 0% of the N-glycans and/or O-glycans of the antibody composition comprises Neu5Gc and/or Galα− structure.

The filamentous fungal cells of the present invention lack genes to produce fucosylated heterologous proteins. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the glycoprotein composition comprises core fucose structures. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the antibody composition comprises core fucose structures.

The terminal Galβ4GlcNAc structure of N-glycan of mammalian cell produced glycans affects bioactivity of antibodies and Galβ3GlcNAc may be xenoantigen structure from plant cell produced proteins. In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of N-glycan of the glycoprotein composition comprises terminal galactose epitopes Galβ3/4GlcNAc. In an embodiment that may be combined with one or more of the preceding embodiments, less than 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the N-glycan of the antibody composition comprises terminal galactose epitopes Galβ3/4GlcNAc.

Glycation is a common post-translational modification of proteins, resulting from the chemical reaction between reducing sugars such as glucose and the primary amino groups on protein. Glycation occurs typically in neutral or slightly alkaline pH in cell cultures conditions, for example, when producing antibodies in CHO cells and analysing them (see, for example, Zhang et al. (2008) Unveiling a glycation hot spot in a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody. Anal Chem. 80(7):2379-2390). As filamentous fungi of the present invention are typically cultured in acidic pH, occurrence of glycation is reduced. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the glycoprotein composition comprises glycation structures. In an embodiment that may be combined with the preceding embodiments, less than 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.01%, 0.001%, or 0% of the antibody composition comprises glycation structures.

In one embodiment, the glycoprotein composition, such as an antibody is devoid of one, two, three, four, five, or six of the structures selected from the group of Neu5Gc, terminal Galα3Galβ4GlcNAc, terminal Galβ4GlcNAc, terminal Galβ3GlcNAc, core linked fucose and glycation structures.

In certain embodiments, such glycoprotein protein with mammalian-like N-glycan and reduced O-mannosylation, as produced in the filamentous fungal cell of the invention, is a therapeutic protein. Therapeutic proteins may include immunoglobulin, or a protein fusion comprising a Fc fragment or other therapeutic glycoproteins, such as antibodies, erythropoietins, interferons, growth hormones, albumins or serum albumin, enzymes, or blood-clotting factors and may be useful in the treatment of humans or animals. For example, the glycoproteins with mammalian-like N-glycan and reduced O-mannosylation as produced by the filamentous fungal cell according to the invention may be a therapeutic glycoprotein such as rituximab.

Methods for producing glycoproteins with mammalian-like N-glycans in filamentous fungal cells are also described for example in WO2012/069593.

In one aspect, the filamentous fungal cell according to the invention as described above, is further genetically modified to mimic the traditional pathway of mammalian cells, starting from Man5 N-glycans as acceptor substrate for GnTI, and followed sequentially by GnT1, mannosidase II and GnTII reaction steps (hereafter referred as the “traditional pathway” for producing G0 glycoforms). In one variant, a single recombinant enzyme comprising the catalytic domains of GnTI and GnTII, is used.

Alternatively, in a second aspect, the filamentous fungal cell according to the invention as described above is further genetically modified to have alg3 reduced expression, allowing the production of core Man₃GlcNAc₂ N-glycans, as acceptor substrate for GnTI and GnTII subsequent reactions and bypassing the need for mannosidase α1,2 or mannosidase II enzymes (the reduced “alg3” pathway). In one variant, a single recombinant enzyme comprising the catalytic domains of GnTI and GnTII, is used.

In such embodiments for mimicking the traditional pathway for producing glycoproteins with mammalian-like N-glycans, a Man₅ expressing filamentous fungal cell, such as T. reesei strain, may be transformed with a GnTI or a GnTII/GnTI fusion enzyme using random integration or by targeted integration to a known site known not to affect Man5 glycosylation. Strains that synthesise GlcNAcMan5 N-glycan for production of proteins having hybrid type glycan(s) are selected. The selected strains are further transformed with a catalytic domain of a mannosidase II-type mannosidase capable of cleaving Man5 structures to generate GlcNAcMan3 for production of proteins having the corresponding GlcNAcMan3 glycoform or their derivative(s). In certain embodiments, mannosidase II-type enzymes belong to glycoside hydrolase family 38 (cazy.org/GH38_all.html). Characterized enzymes include enzymes listed in cazy.org/GH38_characterized.html. Especially useful enzymes are Golgi-type enzymes that cleaving glycoproteins, such as those of subfamily α-mannosidase II (Man2A1;ManA2). Examples of such enzymes include human enzyme AAC50302, D. melanogaster enzyme (Van den Elsen J. M. et al (2001) EMBO J. 20: 3008-3017), those with the 3D structure according to PDB-reference 1HTY, and others referenced with the catalytic domain in PDB. For cytoplasmic expression, the catalytic domain of the mannosidase is typically fused with an N-terminal targeting peptide (for example as disclosed in the above Section) or expressed with endogenous animal or plant Golgi targeting structures of animal or plant mannosidase II enzymes. After transformation with the catalytic domain of a mannosidase II-type mannosidase, strains are selected that produce GlcNAcMan3 (if GnTI is expressed) or strains are selected that effectively produce GlcNAc2Man3 (if a fusion of GnTI and GnTII is expressed). For strains producing GlcNAcMan3, such strains are further transformed with a polynucleotide encoding a catalytic domain of GnTII and transformant strains that are capable of producing GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2 are selected.

In such embodiment for mimicking the traditional pathway, the filamentous fungal cell is a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell as defined in previous sections, and further comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   i) α1,2 mannosidase,     -   ii) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain,     -   iii) a mannosidase II,     -   iv) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain,     -   v) β1,4 galactosyltransferase, and,     -   vi) fucosyltransferase.

In embodiments using the reduced alg3 pathway, the filamentous fungal cell, such as a Trichoderma cell, has a reduced level of activity of a dolichyl-P-Man:Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichyl mannosyltransferase compared to the level of activity in a parent host cell. Dolichyl-P-Man:Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichyl mannosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.130) transfers an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from dolichyl-phosphate D-mannose into a membrane lipid-linked oligosaccharide. Typically, the dolichyl-P-Man:Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-dolichyl mannosyltransferase enzyme is encoded by an alg3 gene. In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell for producing glycoproteins with mammalian-like N-glycans has a reduced level of expression of an alg3 gene compared to the level of expression in a parent strain.

More preferably, the filamentous fungal cell comprises a mutation of alg3. The ALG3 gene may be mutated by any means known in the art, such as point mutations or deletion of the entire alg3 gene. For example, the function of the alg3 protein is reduced or eliminated by the mutation of alg3. In certain embodiments, the alg3 gene is disrupted or deleted from the filamentous fungal cell, such as Trichoderma cell. In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell is a T. reesei cell. SEQ ID NOs: 36 and 37 provide, the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of the alg3 gene in T. reesei, respectively. In an embodiment the filamentous fungal cell is used for the production of a glycoprotein, wherein the glycan(s) comprise or consist of Manα3[Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc, and/or a non-reducing end elongated variant thereof.

In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell has a reduced level of activity of an alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase compared to the level of activity in a parent strain. Alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.232) transfers an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into a protein-linked oligosaccharide, forming an elongation initiating alpha-(1->6)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage in the Golgi apparatus. Typically, the alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase enzyme is encoded by an och1 gene. In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell has a reduced level of expression of an och1 gene compared to the level of expression in a parent filamentous fungal cell. In certain embodiments, the och1 gene is deleted from the filamentous fungal cell.

The filamentous fungal cells used in the methods of producing glycoprotein with mammalian-like N-glycans may further contain a polynucleotide encoding an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain (GnTI) that catalyzes the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine to a terminal Manα3 and a polynucleotide encoding an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain (GnTII), that catalyses N-acetylglucosamine to a terminal Manα6 residue of an acceptor glycan to produce a complex N-glycan. In one embodiment, said polynucleotides encoding GnTI and GnTII are linked so as to produce a single protein fusion comprising both catalytic domains of GnTI and GnTII.

As disclosed herein, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-TI; GnTI; EC 2.4.1.101) catalyzes the reaction UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine+3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R<=>UDP+3-(2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R, where R represents the remainder of the N-linked oligosaccharide in the glycan acceptor. An N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain is any portion of an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I enzyme that is capable of catalyzing this reaction. GnTI enzymes are listed in the CAZy database in the glycosyltransferase family 13 (cazy.org/GT13_all). Enzymatically characterized species includes A. thaliana AAR78757.1 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,459), C. elegans AAD03023.1 (Chen S. et al J. Biol. Chem 1999; 274(1):288-97), D. melanogaster AAF57454.1 (Sarkar & Schachter Biol Chem. 2001 February; 382(2):209-17); C. griseus AAC52872.1 (Puthalakath H. et al J. Biol. Chem 1996 271(44):27818-22); H. sapiens AAA52563.1 (Kumar R. et al Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990 December; 87(24):9948-52); M. auratus AAD04130.1 (Opat As et al Biochem J. 1998 Dec. 15; 336 (Pt 3):593-8), (including an example of deactivating mutant), Rabbit, O. cuniculus AAA31493.1 (Sarkar M et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991 Jan. 1; 88(1):234-8). Amino acid sequences for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I enzymes from various organisms are described for example in PCT/EP2011/070956. Additional examples of characterized active enzymes can be found at cazy.org/GT13_characterized. The 3D structure of the catalytic domain of rabbit GnTI was defined by X-ray crystallography in Unligil U M et al. EMBO J. 2000 Oct. 16; 19(20):5269-80. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) structures for GnTI are 1FO8, 1FO9, 1FOA, 2AM3, 2AM4, 2AM5, and 2APC. In certain embodiments, the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain is from the human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I enzyme (SEQ ID NO: 38) or variants thereof. In certain embodiments, the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain contains a sequence that is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to amino acid residues 84-445 of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, a shorter sequence can be used as a catalytic domain (e.g. amino acid residues 105-445 of the human enzyme or amino acid residues 107-447 of the rabbit enzyme; Sarkar et al. (1998) Glycoconjugate J 15:193-197). Additional sequences that can be used as the GnTI catalytic domain include amino acid residues from about amino acid 30 to 445 of the human enzyme or any C-terminal stem domain starting between amino acid residue 30 to 105 and continuing to about amino acid 445 of the human enzyme, or corresponding homologous sequence of another GnTI or a catalytically active variant or mutant thereof. The catalytic domain may include N-terminal parts of the enzyme such as all or part of the stem domain, the transmembrane domain, or the cytoplasmic domain.

As disclosed herein, N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GlcNAc-TII; GnTII; EC 2.4.1.143) catalyzes the reaction UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine+6-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R<=>UDP+6-(2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R, where R represents the remainder of the N-linked oligosaccharide in the glycan acceptor. An N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain is any portion of an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II enzyme that is capable of catalyzing this reaction. Amino acid sequences for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II enzymes from various organisms are listed in WO2012069593. In certain embodiments, the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain is from the human N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II enzyme (SEQ ID NO: 39) or variants thereof. Additional GnTII species are listed in the CAZy database in the glycosyltransferase family 16 (cazy.org/GT16_all). Enzymatically characterized species include GnTII of C. elegans, D. melanogaster, Homo sapiens (NP_002399.1), Rattus norvegicus, Sus scrofa (cazy.org/GT16_characterized). In certain embodiments, the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain contains a sequence that is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to amino acid residues from about 30 to about 447 of SEQ ID NO: 39. The catalytic domain may include N-terminal parts of the enzyme such as all or part of the stem domain, the transmembrane domain, or the cytoplasmic domain.

In embodiments where the filamentous fungal cell contains a fusion protein of the invention, the fusion protein may further contain a spacer in between the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain and the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain. In certain embodiments, the spacer is an EGIV spacer, a 2×G4S spacer, a 3×G4S spacer, or a CBHI spacer. In other embodiments, the spacer contains a sequence from a stem domain.

For ER/Golgi expression the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I and/or N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain is typically fused with a targeting peptide or a part of an ER or early Golgi protein, or expressed with an endogenous ER targeting structures of an animal or plant N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme. In certain preferred embodiments, the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I and/or N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain contains any of the targeting peptides of the invention as described in the section entitled “Targeting sequences”. Preferably, the targeting peptide is linked to the N-terminal end of the catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the targeting peptide contains any of the stem domains of the invention as described in the section entitled “Targeting sequences”. In certain preferred embodiments, the targeting peptide is a Kre2/Mnt1 targeting peptide. In other embodiments, the targeting peptide further contains a transmembrane domain linked to the N-terminal end of the stem domain or a cytoplasmic domain linked to the N-terminal end of the stem domain. In embodiments where the targeting peptide further contains a transmembrane domain, the targeting peptide may further contain a cytoplasmic domain linked to the N-terminal end of the transmembrane domain.

The filamentous fungal cells may also contain a polynucleotide encoding a UDP-GlcNAc transporter. The polynucleotide encoding the UDP-GlcNAc transporter may be endogenous (i.e., naturally present) in the host cell, or it may be heterologous to the filamentous fungal cell.

In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell may further contain a polynucleotide encoding a α-1,2-mannosidase. The polynucleotide encoding the α-1,2-mannosidase may be endogenous in the host cell, or it may be heterologous to the host cell. Heterologous polynucleotides are especially useful for a host cell expressing high-mannose glycans transferred from the Golgi to the ER without effective exo-α-2-mannosidase cleavage. The α-1,2-mannosidase may be a mannosidase I type enzyme belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 47 (cazy.org/GH47_all.html). In certain embodiments the α-1,2-mannosidase is an enzyme listed at cazy.org/GH47_characterized.html. In particular, the α-1,2-mannosidase may be an ER-type enzyme that cleaves glycoproteins such as enzymes in the subfamily of ER α-mannosidase I EC 3.2.1.113 enzymes. Examples of such enzymes include human α-2-mannosidase 1B (AAC26169), a combination of mammalian ER mannosidases, or a filamentous fungal enzyme such as α-1,2-mannosidase (MDS1) (T. reesei AAF34579; Maras M et al J Biotech. 77, 2000, 255, or Trire 45717). For ER expression, the catalytic domain of the mannosidase is typically fused with a targeting peptide, such as HDEL, KDEL, or part of an ER or early Golgi protein, or expressed with an endogenous ER targeting structures of an animal or plant mannosidase I enzyme.

In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell may also further contain a polynucleotide encoding a galactosyltransferase. Galactosyltransferases transfer β-linked galactosyl residues to terminal N-acetylglucosaminyl residue. In certain embodiments the galactosyltransferase is a β-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Generally, β-1,4-galactosyltransferases belong to the CAZy glycosyltransferase family 7 (cazy.org/GT7_all.html) and include β-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycopeptide β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.38), which is also known as N-acetylactosamine synthase (EC 2.4.1.90). Useful subfamilies include β4-GalT1, β4-GalT-II, -III, -IV, -V, and -VI, such as mammalian or human β4-GalTI or β4GalT-II, -III, -IV, -V, and -VI or any combinations thereof. β4-GalT1, β4-GalTII, or β4-GalTIII are especially useful for galactosylation of terminal GlcNAcβ2-structures on N-glycans such as GlcNAcMan3, GlcNAc2Man3, or GlcNAcMan5 (Guo S. et al. Glycobiology 2001, 11:813-20). The three-dimensional structure of the catalytic region is known (e.g. (2006) J. Mol. Biol. 357: 1619-1633), and the structure has been represented in the PDB database with code 2FYD. The CAZy database includes examples of certain enzymes. Characterized enzymes are also listed in the CAZy database at cazy.org/GT7_characterized.html. Examples of useful β4GalT enzymes include β4GalT1, e.g. bovine Bos taurus enzyme AAA30534.1 (Shaper N. L. et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (6), 1573-1577 (1986)), human enzyme (Guo S. et al. Glycobiology 2001, 11:813-20), and Mus musculus enzyme AAA37297 (Shaper, N. L. et al. 1998 J. Biol. Chem. 263 (21), 10420-10428); β4GalTII enzymes such as human β4GalTII BAA75819.1, Chinese hamster Cricetulus griseus AAM77195, Mus musculus enzyme BAA34385, and Japanese Medaka fish Oryzias latipes BAH36754; and β4GalTIII enzymes such as human β4GalTIII BAA75820.1, Chinese hamster Cricetulus griseus AAM77196 and Mus musculus enzyme AAF22221.

The galactosyltransferase may be expressed in the plasma membrane of the host cell. A heterologous targeting peptide, such as a Kre2 peptide described in Schwientek J. Biol. Chem 1996 3398, may be used. Promoters that may be used for expression of the galactosyltransferase include constitutive promoters such as gpd, promoters of endogenous glycosylation enzymes and glycosyltransferases such as mannosyltransferases that synthesize N-glycans in the Golgi or ER, and inducible promoters of high-yield endogenous proteins such as the cbh1 promoter.

In certain embodiments of the invention where the filamentous fungal cell contains a polynucleotide encoding a galactosyltransferase, the filamentous fungal cell also contains a polynucleotide encoding a UDP-Gal 4 epimerase and/or UDP-Gal transporter. In certain embodiments of the invention where the filamentous fungal cell contains a polynucleotide encoding a galactosyltransferase, lactose may be used as the carbon source instead of glucose when culturing the host cell. The culture medium may be between pH 4.5 and 7.0 or between 5.0 and 6.5. In certain embodiments of the invention where the filamentous fungal cell contains a polynucleotide encoding a galactosyltransferase and a polynucleotide encoding a UDP-Gal 4 epimerase and/or UDP-Gal transporter, a divalent cation such as Mn2+, Ca2+ or Mg2+ may be added to the cell culture medium.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell of the invention, for example, selected among Neurospora, Trichoderma, Myceliophthora or Chrysosporium cell, and more preferably Trichoderma reesei cell, may comprise the following features:

-   -   a) a mutation in at least one endogenous protease that reduces         or eliminates the activity of said endogenous protease,         preferably the protease activity of two or three or more         endogenous proteases is reduced, for example, pep1, tsp1, gap1         and/or slp1 proteases, in order to improve production or         stability of a heterologous protein to be produced,     -   b) a mutation in a PMT gene, for example T. reesei pmt1 gene,         that reduces or eliminates endogenous O-mannosyltransferase         activity compared to a parental Trichoderma cell which does not         have said second mutation,     -   c) a polynucleotide encoding a protein having at least one         serine or threonine, preferably a heterologous glycoprotein,         such as an immunoglobulin, an antibody, or a protein fusion         comprising Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin.     -   d) optionally, a deletion or disruption of the alg3 gene,     -   e) optionally, a polynucleotide encoding         N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain and a         polynucleotide encoding N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II         catalytic domain,     -   f) optionally, a polynucleotide encoding β1,4         galactosyltransferase,     -   g) optionally, a polynucleotide or polynucleotides encoding         UDP-Gal 4 epimerase and/or transporter.

Targeting Sequences

In certain embodiments, recombinant enzymes, such as α1,2 mannosidases, GnTI, or other glycosyltransferases introduced into the filamentous fungal cells, include a targeting peptide linked to the catalytic domains. The term “linked” as used herein means that two polymers of amino acid residues in the case of a polypeptide or two polymers of nucleotides in the case of a polynucleotide are either coupled directly adjacent to each other or are within the same polypeptide or polynucleotide but are separated by intervening amino acid residues or nucleotides. A “targeting peptide”, as used herein, refers to any number of consecutive amino acid residues of the recombinant protein that are capable of localizing the recombinant protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus (Golgi) within the host cell. The targeting peptide may be N-terminal or C-terminal to the catalytic domains. In certain embodiments, the targeting peptide is N-terminal to the catalytic domains. In certain embodiments, the targeting peptide provides binding to an ER or Golgi component, such as to a mannosidase II enzyme. In other embodiments, the targeting peptide provides direct binding to the ER or Golgi membrane.

Components of the targeting peptide may come from any enzyme that normally resides in the ER or Golgi apparatus. Such enzymes include mannosidases, mannosyltransferases, glycosyltransferases, Type 2 Golgi proteins, and MNN2, MNN4, MNN6, MNN9, MNN10, MNS1, KRE2, VAN1, and OCH1 enzymes. Such enzymes may come from a yeast or fungal species such as those of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cryptococcus, Chrysosporium, Chrysosporium lucknowense, Filobasidium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Humicola, Magnaporthe, Mucor, Myceliophthora, Myrothecium, Neocallimastix, Neurospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piromyces, Schizophyllum, Talaromyces, Thermoascus, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, and Trichoderma. Sequences for such enzymes can be found in the GenBank sequence database.

In certain embodiments the targeting peptide comes from the same enzyme and organism as one of the catalytic domains of the recombinant protein. For example, if the recombinant protein includes a human GnTII catalytic domain, the targeting peptide of the recombinant protein is from the human GnTII enzyme. In other embodiments, the targeting peptide may come from a different enzyme and/or organism as the catalytic domains of the recombinant protein.

Examples of various targeting peptides for use in targeting proteins to the ER or Golgi that may be used for targeting the recombinant enzymes, include: Kre2/Mnt1 N-terminal peptide fused to galactosyltransferase (Schwientek, J B C 1996, 3398), HDEL for localization of mannosidase to ER of yeast cells to produce Man5 (Chiba, J B C 1998, 26298-304; Callewaert, FEBS Lett 2001, 173-178), OCH1 targeting peptide fused to GnTI catalytic domain (Yoshida et al, Glycobiology 1999, 53-8), yeast N-terminal peptide of Mns1 fused to α2-mannosidase (Martinet et al, Biotech Lett 1998, 1171), N-terminal portion of Kre2 linked to catalytic domain of GnTI or β4GalT (Vervecken, Appl. Environ Microb 2004, 2639-46), various approaches reviewed in Wildt and Gerngross (Nature Rev Biotech 2005, 119), full-length GnTI in Aspergillus nidulans (Kalsner et al, Glycocon. J 1995, 360-370), full-length GnTI in Aspergillus oryzae (Kasajima et al, Biosci Biotech Biochem 2006, 2662-8), portion of yeast Sec12 localization structure fused to C. elegans GnTI in Aspergillus (Kainz et al 2008), N-terminal portion of yeast Mnn9 fused to human GnTI in Aspergillus (Kainz et al 2008), N-terminal portion of Aspergillus Mnn10 fused to human GnTI (Kainz et al, Appl. Environ Microb 2008, 1076-86), and full-length human GnTI in T. reesei (Maras et al, FEBS Lett 1999, 365-70).

In certain embodiments the targeting peptide is an N-terminal portion of the Mnt1/Kre2 targeting peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 (for example encoded by the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:41). In certain embodiments, the targeting peptide is selected from human GNT2, KRE2, KRE2-like, Och1, Anp1, Van1 as shown in the Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Amino acid sequence of targeting peptides Protein TreID Amino acid sequence human  — MRFRIYKRKVLILTLVVAACGFVLWSSNGRQR GNT2 KNEALAPPLLDAEPARGAGGRGGDHP (SEQ ID NO: 42) KRE2 21576 MASTNARYVRYLLIAFFTILVFYFVSNSKYEGV DLNKGTFTAPDSTKTTPK (SEQ ID NO: 43) KRE2- 69211 MAIARPVRALGGLAAILWCFFLYQLLRPSSSY like NSPGDRYINFERDPNLDPTG  (SEQ ID NO: 44) Ochi 65646 MLNPRRALIAAAFILTVFFLISRSHNSESASTS (SEQ ID NO: 45) Anp1 82551 MMPRHHSSGFSNGYPRADTFEISPHRFQPRA TLPPHRKRKRTAIRVGIAVVVILVLVLWFGQPR SVASLISLGILSGYDDLKLE  (SEQ ID NO: 46) Van1 81211 MLLPKGGLDWRSARAQIPPTRALWNAVTRTR FILLVGITGLILLLWRGVSTSASE (SEQ ID NO: 47)

Further examples of sequences that may be used for targeting peptides include the targeting sequences as described in WO2012/069593.

Uncharacterized sequences may be tested for use as targeting peptides by expressing enzymes of the glycosylation pathway in a host cell, where one of the enzymes contains the uncharacterized sequence as the sole targeting peptide, and measuring the glycans produced in view of the cytoplasmic localization of glycan biosynthesis (e.g. as in Schwientek J B C 1996 3398), or by expressing a fluorescent reporter protein fused with the targeting peptide, and analysing the localization of the protein in the Golgi by immunofluorescence or by fractionating the cytoplasmic membranes of the Golgi and measuring the location of the protein.

Methods for Producing a Protein Having Reduced O-Mannosylation

The filamentous fungal cells as described above are useful in methods for producing a protein having reduced O-mannosylation.

Accordingly, in another aspect, the invention relates to a method for producing a protein having reduced O-mannosylation, comprising:

-   -   a) providing a PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell having a mutation         in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous protein         O-mannosyltransferase activity as compared to parental strain         which does not have such mutation, and further comprising a         polynucleotide encoding a protein with serine or threonine,         which may be O-mannosylated,     -   b) culturing said PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell to produce said         protein having reduced O-mannosylation.

In such method, the produced protein has reduced O-mannosylation due to said mutation in said PMT gene as described in the previous sections. The PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell may optionally have reduced endogenous protease activity as described in the previous sections.

The filamentous fungal cells and methods of the invention are useful for the production of protein with serine or threonine which may be O-mannosylated. For example, it is particularly useful for the production of protein which are O-mannosylated when produced in a parental PMT-functional filamentous fungal host cell, for example, in at least one Trichoderma cell which is wild type for PMT1 gene, such as SEQ ID NO:1.

In methods of the invention, certain growth media include, for example, common commercially-prepared media such as Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, Sabouraud Dextrose (SD) broth or Yeast medium (YM) broth. Other defined or synthetic growth media may also be used and the appropriate medium for growth of the particular host cell will be known by someone skilled in the art of microbiology or fermentation science. Culture medium typically has the Trichoderma reesei minimal medium (Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61, 155-164) as a basis, supplemented with substances inducing the production promoter such as lactose, cellulose, spent grain or sophorose. Temperature ranges and other conditions suitable for growth are known in the art (see, e.g., Bailey and Ollis 1986). In certain embodiments the pH of cell culture is between 3.5 and 7.5, between 4.0 and 7.0, between 4.5 and 6.5, between 5 and 5.5, or at 5.5. In certain embodiments, to produce an antibody the filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma fungal cell is cultured at a pH range selected from 4.7 to 6.5; pH 4.8 to 6.0; pH 4.9 to 5.9; and pH 5.0 to 5.8.

In some embodiments, the protein which may be O-mannosylated is a heterologous protein, preferably a mammalian protein. In other embodiments, the heterologous protein is a non-mammalian protein.

In certain embodiments, the protein which may be O-mannosylated is a glycoprotein with N-glycan posttranslational modifications.

In certain embodiments, a mammalian protein which may be O-mannosylated is selected from an immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin or antibody heavy or light chain, a monoclonal antibody, a Fab fragment, an F(ab′)2 antibody fragment, a single chain antibody, a monomeric or multimeric single domain antibody, a camelid antibody, or their antigen-binding fragments.

A fragment of a protein, as used herein, consists of at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 consecutive amino acids of a reference protein.

As used herein, an “immunoglobulin” refers to a multimeric protein containing a heavy chain and a light chain covalently coupled together and capable of specifically combining with antigen. Immunoglobulin molecules are a large family of molecules that include several types of molecules such as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE.

As used herein, an “antibody” refers to intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments thereof which are capable of binding an antigen. These include hybrid (chimeric) antibody molecules (see, e.g., Winter et al. Nature 349:293-99225, 1991; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567 226); F(ab′)2 molecules; non-covalent heterodimers; dimeric and trimeric antibody fragment constructs; humanized antibody molecules (see e.g., Riechmann et al. Nature 332, 323-27, 1988; Verhoeyan et al. Science 239, 1534-36, 1988; and GB 2,276,169); and any functional fragments obtained from such molecules, as well as antibodies obtained through non-conventional processes such as phage display or transgenic mice. Preferably, the antibodies are classical antibodies with Fc region. Methods of manufacturing antibodies are well known in the art.

In further embodiments, the yield of the mammalian glycoprotein is at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 grams per liter.

In certain embodiments, the mammalian glycoprotein is an antibody, optionally, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. In further embodiments, the yield of the antibody is at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 grams per liter. In further embodiments, the mammalian glycoprotein is an antibody, and the antibody contains at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98% of a natural antibody C-terminus and N-terminus without additional amino acid residues. In other embodiments, the mammalian glycoprotein is an antibody, and the antibody contains at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98% of a natural antibody C-terminus and N-terminus that do not lack any C-terminal or N-terminal amino acid residues.

In certain embodiments where the mammalian glycoprotein is purified from cell culture, the culture containing the mammalian glycoprotein contains polypeptide fragments that make up a mass percentage that is less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, or less than 10% of the mass of the produced polypeptides. In certain preferred embodiments, the mammalian glycoprotein is an antibody, and the polypeptide fragments are heavy chain fragments and/or light chain fragments. In other embodiments, where the mammalian glycoprotein is an antibody and the antibody purified from cell culture, the culture containing the antibody contains free heavy chains and/or free light chains that make up a mass percentage that is less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, or less than 10% of the mass of the produced antibody. Methods of determining the mass percentage of polypeptide fragments are well known in the art and include, measuring signal intensity from an SDS-gel.

In certain embodiments, where the protein with reduced O-mannosylation, e.g. an antibody, is purified from cell culture, the culture contains at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100% of the proteins that is not O-mannosylated (mol %, as determined for example by MALDI TOF MS analysis, and measuring area or intensity of peaks as described in the Example 1 below).

In certain embodiments where the protein with at least one serine or threonine residue which may be O-mannosylated is purified from cell culture, and where the strain is a Trichoderma cell genetically engineered to produce complex N-glycans, the culture further comprises at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30% of secreted complex neutral N-glycans (mol %) compared to total secreted neutral N-glycans (as measured for example as described in WO2012069593).

In other embodiments, the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, for example, the antibody, comprises the trimannosyl N-glycan structure Manα3[Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc. In some embodiments, the Manα3[Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc structure represents at least 20%, 30%; 40%, 50%; 60%, 70%, 80% (mol %) or more, of the total N-glycans of the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation. In other embodiments, the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation comprises the G0 N-glycan structure GlcNAcβ2Manα3[GlcNAcβ2Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAc. In other embodiments, the non-fucosylated G0 glycoform structure represents at least 20%, 30%; 40%, 50%; 60%, 70%, 80% (mol %) or more, of the total N-glycans of the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation. In other embodiments, galactosylated N-glycans represents less (mol %) than 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01% of total N-glycans of the culture, and/or of the heterologous protein with reduced O-mannosylation, for example an antibody. In certain embodiments, the culture or the heterologous protein, for example an antibody, comprises no galactosylated N-glycans.

In certain embodiments, the heterologous (purified) protein is an antibody, a light chain antibody, a heavy chain antibody or a Fab, that comprises Man3, GlcNAcMan3, Man5, GlcNAcMan5, G0, core G0, G1, or G2 N-glycan structure as major glycoform and less than 35%, 20%, 17%, 15%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%, or less than 0.5% of O-mannosylation level (as mole % as determined for example by MALDI TOF MS analysis, and measuring area or intensity of peaks as described in Example 1).

In a specific embodiment, the invention therefore relates to a method for producing an antibody having reduced O-mannosylation, comprising:

-   -   a. providing a PMT-deficient Trichoderma cell having         -   i. a mutation that reduces endogenous protein             O-mannosyltransferase activity as compared to parental             strain which does not have such mutation and         -   ii. a polynucleotide encoding a light chain antibody and a             polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain antibody,     -   b. culturing the cell to produce said antibody, consisting of         heavy and light chains, having reduced O-mannosylation.

In such specific embodiments of the methods related to the production of antibody, at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the produced antibody is not O-mannosylated (mol %, as determined for example by MALDI TOF MS analysis, and measuring area or intensity of peaks as described in Example 1.

In certain embodiments of any of the disclosed methods, the method includes the further step of providing one or more, two or more, three or more, four or more, or five or more protease inhibitors. In certain embodiments, the protease inhibitors are peptides that are co-expressed with the mammalian polypeptide. In other embodiments, the inhibitors inhibit at least two, at least three, or at least four proteases from a protease family selected from aspartic proteases, trypsin-like serine proteases, subtilisin proteases, and glutamic proteases.

In certain embodiments of any of the disclosed methods, the filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma fungal cell also contains a carrier protein. As used herein, a “carrier protein” is portion of a protein that is endogenous to and highly secreted by a filamentous fungal cell or Trichoderma fungal cell. Suitable carrier proteins include, without limitation, those of T. reesei mannanase I (Man5A, or MANI), T. reesei cellobiohydrolase II (CeI6A, or CBHII) (see, e.g., Paloheimo et al Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2003 December; 69(12): 7073-7082) or T. reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI). In some embodiments, the carrier protein is CBH1. In other embodiments, the carrier protein is a truncated T. reesei CBH1 protein that includes the CBH1 core region and part of the CBH1 linker region. In some embodiments, a carrier such as a cellobiohydrolase or its fragment is fused to an antibody light chain and/or an antibody heavy chain. In some embodiments, a carrier-antibody fusion polypeptide comprises a Kex2 cleavage site. In certain embodiments, Kex2, or other carrier cleaving enzyme, is endogenous to a filamentous fungal cell. In certain embodiments, carrier cleaving protease is heterologous to the filamentous fungal cell, for example, another Kex2 protein derived from yeast or a TEV protease. In certain embodiments, carrier cleaving enzyme is overexpressed. In certain embodiments, the carrier consists of about 469 to 478 amino acids of N-terminal part of the T. reesei CBH1 protein GenBank accession No. EGR44817.1.

In certain embodiments, the filamentous fungal cell of the invention overexpress KEX2 protease. In an embodiment the heterologous protein is expressed as fusion construct comprising an endogenous fungal polypeptide, a protease site such as a Kex2 cleavage site, and the heterologous protein such as an antibody heavy and/or light chain. Useful 2-7 amino acids combinations preceding Kex2 cleavage site have been described, for example, in Mikosch et al. (1996) J. Biotechnol. 52:97-106; Goller et al. (1998) Appl Environ Microbiol. 64:3202-3208; Spencer et al. (1998) Eur. J. Biochem. 258:107-112; Jalving et al. (2000) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:363-368; Ward et al. (2004) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:2567-2576; Ahn et al. (2004) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 64:833-839; Paloheimo et al. (2007) Appl Environ Microbiol. 73:3215-3224; Paloheimo et al. (2003) Appl Environ Microbiol. 69:7073-7082; and Margolles-Clark et al. (1996) Eur J Biochem. 237:553-560.

The invention further relates to the protein composition, for example the antibody composition, obtainable or obtained by the method as disclosed above.

In specific embodiment, such antibody composition obtainable or obtained by the methods of the invention, comprises at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the antibodies that are not O-mannosylated (mol %, as determined for example by MALDI TOF MS analysis, and measuring area or intensity of peaks as described in Example 1). In other specific embodiments, such antibody composition further comprises as 50%, 60%, 70% or 80% (mole % neutral N-glycan), of the following glycoform:

-   -   (i) Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5 glycoform);     -   (ii) GlcNAcβ2Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc, or         β4-galactosylated variant thereof;     -   (iii) Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc;     -   (iv) Manα6(GlcNAcβ2Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc, or         β4-galactosylated variant thereof: or,     -   (v) complex type N-glycans selected from the G0, G1 or G2         glycoform.

In some embodiments the N-glycan glycoform according to iii-v comprises less than 15%, 10%, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1% or 0.5% or is devoid of Man5 glycan as defined in i) above.

The invention also relates to a method of reducing O-mannosylation level of a recombinant glycoprotein composition produced in a Trichoderma cell, said method consisting of using a Trichoderma cell having a mutation in a PMT gene wherein said PMT gene is either:

-   -   a. PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1,     -   b. a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which gene is         capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by         functional complementation when introduced into a T. reesei         strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, or,     -   c. a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50%,         at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 90%, or at least 95%         identity with SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having protein         O-mannosyltransferase activity.

In one specific embodiment of such method, said Trichoderma cell is Trichoderma reesei.

In another specific embodiment of such method, said recombinant glycoprotein comprises at least a light chain antibody or its fragments comprising at least one serine or threonine residue and with at least one N-glycan.

EXAMPLES

As more specifically exemplified in Example 2, after deletion of pmt1, almost 95% of purified mAb and 70% of Fab molecules no longer contained any O-mannose residues. In contrast, as exemplified in Examples 3 to 4, O-mannosylation level analysis performed on pmt2 and pmt3 deletion strains did not exhibit any appreciable reduction in O-mannosylation. Together with the titer and growth analysis set forth in Example 2, these results demonstrate that filamentous fungal cells, such as Trichoderma cells, can be genetically modified to reduce or suppress O-mannosylation activity, without adversely affecting viability and yield of produced glycoproteins. As such, pmt1 is identified a valuable target to reduce O-mannosylation of secreted proteins and to improve product quality of biopharmaceuticals produced by Trichoderma reesei.

Example 1 Pmt1 Deletion in a Trichoderma reesei Strain

This example demonstrates that pmt1 is a valuable target to reduce O-mannosylation of secreted proteins and to improve product quality of biopharmaceuticals produced by Trichoderma reesei.

Generation of Pmt1 Deletion Plasmids

Three different deletion plasmids (pTTv36, pTTv124, pTTv185) were constructed for deletion of the protein O-mannosyltransferase gene pmt1 (TrelD75421). All the plasmids contain the same 5′ and 3′ flanking regions for correct integration to the pmt1 locus. The difference between the three plasmids is the marker used in the selection; pTTv36 contains a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans (amdS), pTTv124 contains a loopout version (blaster cassette) of the amdS marker and pTTv185 a loopout version (blaster cassette) of a gene encoding orotidine-5′-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase of T. reesei (pyr4).

The third deletion construct, pTTv185, for the protein O-mannosyltransferase gene pmt1 (TrelD75421) was designed to enable removal of the selection marker from the Trichoderma reesei genome after successful integration and thereby recycling of the selection marker for subsequent transformations. In this approach, the recycling of the marker, i.e. removal of pyr4 gene from the deletion construct, resembles so called blaster cassettes developed for yeasts (Hartl, L. and Seiboth, B., 2005, Curr Genet 48:204-211; and Alani, E. et al., 1987, Genetics 116:541-545). Similar blaster cassettes have also been developed for filamentous fungi including Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: T. reesei) (Hartl, L. and Seiboth, B., 2005, Curr Genet 48:204-211).

The TrelD number refers to the identification number of a particular protease gene from the Joint Genome Institute Trichoderma reesei v2.0 genome database. Primers for construction of deletion plasmids were designed either manually or using Primer3 software (Primer3 website, Rozen and Skaletsky (2000) Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: Methods in Molecular Biology. Humana Press, Totowa, N.J., pp 365-386).

The principle of the blaster cassette using pyr4 as the marker gene is as follows: pyr4, encoding orotidine-5′-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase of T. reesei (Smith, J. L., et al., 1991, Current Genetics 19:27-33) is needed for uridine synthesis. Strains deficient for OMP decarboxylase activity are unable to grow on minimal medium without uridine supplementation (i.e. are uridine auxotrophs). The utilisation of 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) in generation of mutant strains lacking OMP decarboxylase activity (pyr4⁻ strains) is based on the conversion of 5-FOA to a toxic intermediate 5-fluoro-UMP by OMP decarboxylase. Therefore, cells which have a mutated pyr4 gene are resistant to 5-FOA, but in addition are also auxotrophic for uridine. The 5-FOA resistance can in principle result also from a mutation in another gene (pyr2, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase), and therefore the spontaneous mutants obtained with this selection need to be verified for the pyr4⁻ genotype by complementing the mutant with the pyr4 gene. Once mutated, the pyr4 gene can be used as an auxotrophic selection marker in T. reesei. In our blaster cassette pyr4 is followed by a 310 by direct repeat of pyr4 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) and surrounded by 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the gene to be deleted. Integration of the deletion cassette is selected via the pyr4 function. Removal of the pyr4 marker is then forced in the presence of 5-FOA by recombination between the two homologous regions (direct repeat of 5′UTR) resulting in looping out of the selection marker and enabling the utilisation of the same blaster cassette (pyr4 loopout) in successive rounds of gene deletions. After looping out, only the 310 bp sequence of 5′UTR remains in the locus.

Thus, the pyr4 selection marker and the 5′ direct repeat (DR) fragment (310 bp of pyr4 5′UTR) were produced by PCR using plasmid containing a genomic copy of T. reesei pyr4 as a template. Both fragments contained 40 bp overlapping sequences needed to clone the plasmid with the loopout cassette using homologous recombination in yeast (see below). To enable possible additional cloning steps, an AscI digestion site was placed between the pyr4 marker and the 5′ direct repeat and NotI sites to surround the complete blaster cassette.

1100 bp of 5′ and 1000 bp of 3′ flanking regions were selected as the basis of the pmt1 deletion plasmids. The flanking region fragments were produced by PCR using a T. reesei wild type strain QM6a (ATCC13631) as the template. For the yeast homologous recombination system used in cloning (see below), overlapping sequences for the vector and the selection marker were placed to the appropriate PCR-primers. To enable marker switch in the construct, NotI restriction sites were introduced between the flanking regions and the selection marker. PmeI restriction sites were placed between the vector and the flanking regions for removal of vector sequence prior to transformation into T. reesei. Vector backbone pRS426 was digested with restriction enzymes (EcoRI and XhoI).

First deletion plasmid for pmt1 (plasmid pTTv36, Table 2) used amdS, a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans, as the marker. The marker cassette was digested from an existing plasmid pHHO1 with NotI. All fragments used in cloning were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

To construct the first deletion plasmid pTTv36, the vector backbone and the appropriate marker and flanking region fragments were transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain H3488/FY834). The yeast transformation protocol was based on the method for homologous yeast recombination described in the Neurospora knockouts workshop material of Colot and Collopy, (Dartmouth Neurospora genome protocols website), and the Gietz laboratory protocol (University of Manitoba, Gietz laboratory website). The plasmid DNA from the yeast transformants was rescued by transformation into Escherichia coli. A few clones were cultivated, plasmid DNA was isolated and digested to screen for correct recombination using standard laboratory methods. A few clones with correct insert sizes were sequenced and stored.

To clone the second pmt1 deletion plasmid (pTTv124, Table 2), the amdS marker was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv36 with NotI digestion and replaced by another variant of the blaster cassette, amdS loopout cassette containing the amdS selection marker gene, followed by AscI restriction site and a 300 bp direct repeat of amdS 5′UTR. The amdS blaster cassette functions in a similar manner to the pyr4 blaster cassette. The clones containing the amdS blaster cassette are able to grow on acetamide as sole nitrogen source. On medium containing 5-fluoroacetamide (5-FAA) a functional amdS gene will convert 5-FAA to a toxic fluoroacetate and therefore, in the presence of 5-FAA, removal of amdS gene is beneficial to the fungus. Removal of amdS blaster cassette is enhanced via the 300 bp DRs in the cassette like in the pyr4 blaster cassette, which enables the amdS gene to loop out via single crossover between the two DRs. Resulting clones are resistant to 5-FAA and unable to grow on acetamide as the sole nitrogen source.

The fragments needed for the amdS blaster cassette were produced by PCR using a plasmid p3SR2 (Hynes M. J. et al, 1983, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1430-1439) containing a genomic copy of the amdS gene as the template. For the yeast homologous recombination system used in cloning (see above), overlapping sequences were placed to the appropriate PCR-primers. To enable marker switch in the construct, NotI restriction sites were kept between the flanking regions and the blaster cassette. Additional restriction sites FseI and AsiSI were introduced to the 5′ end of amdS and an AscI site between amdS and amdS 5′DR. The plasmid pTTv124 was constructed using the yeast recombination system described above. The plasmid DNA from the yeast transformants was rescued by transformation into Escherichia coli. A few clones were cultivated, plasmid DNA was isolated and digested to screen for correct recombination using standard laboratory methods. A few clones with correct insert sizes were sequenced and stored.

To clone the third pmt1 deletion plasmid (pTTv185, Table 2), the amdS marker was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv36 with NotI digestion and replaced by the pyr4 blaster cassette described above. The pyr4 blaster cassette was obtained from another plasmid with NotI digestion, ligated to NotI cut pTTv36 and transformed into E. coli using standard laboratory methods. A few transformants were cultivated, plasmid DNA isolated and digested to screen for correct ligation and orientation of the pyr4 blaster cassette using standard laboratory methods. One clone with correct insert size and orientation was sequenced and stored.

These deletion plasmids for pmt1 (pTTv36, pTTv124 and pTTv185) result in 2465 bp deletion in the pmt1 locus and cover the complete coding sequence of PMT1.

TABLE 2 Primers for generating deletion plasmids pTTv36, pTTv124 and pTTv185 for protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (pmt1, TreID75421) Deletion plasmid pTTv36 for pmt1 (TreID75421), vector backbone pRS426 Primer Sequence 75421_5′F CGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGGTTT AAACGCTGCAGGGCGTACAGAACT (SEQ ID NO: 48) 75421_5′R ATCTCTCAAAGGAAGAATCCCTTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGTGCGG CCGCGGCTCTAAAATGCTTCACAG (SEQ ID NO: 49) 75421_3′F CGGTTCTCATCTGGGCTTGCTCGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTAGCGG CCGCACGATGATGATGACAGCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 50) 75421_3′R GTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGCGTTT AAACCGTCCAGCTCCCGCAGCGCC (SEQ ID NO: 51) Deletion plasmid pTTv124 for pmt1 (TreID75421), vector backbone pTTv36 T282_75421_amds_5for ATCGCTAACTGCTTTCTCTTCTGTGAAGCATTTTAGAGCCGCGGC CGCGGCCGGCCGCGATCGCCTAGATCTACGCCAGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 52) T283_amds_3rev_loop CGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTAGGGCGCGCCACTGGAAACGCAACC CTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 53) T284_amds_loop_5for TTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGTGGCGCGCCCTAGATCTACGCCAGG ACCG (SEQ ID NO: 54) T287_75421_loop_3rev AGCATCATGACCGCCCCCTTCTGGCTGTCATCATCATCGTGCGG CCGCGATTATTGCACAAGCAGCGA (SEQ ID NO: 55) Deletion plasmid pTTv185 for pmt1 (TreID75421), vector backbone pTTv36 Primer Sequence no new primers, pTTv36 digested with NotI and ligated with pyr4- loopout fragment obtained from another plasmid

Generation of Pmt1 Deletion Strains M403, M404, M406 and M407

To generate a pyr4 negative target strain suitable for the deletion of pmt1 using plasmid pTTv185, the MAB01 antibody producing strain M304 was subjected to selection in the presence of 5-fluoro-orotic acid in order to select for strains containing impaired pyr4 genes. The generation of the strain M304 is described in the International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2013/05012. T. reesei strain M304 comprises MAB01 light chain fused to T. reesei truncated CBH1 carrier with NVISKR Kex2 cleavage sequence, MAB01 heavy chain fused to T. reesei truncated CBH1 carrier with AXE1 [DGETVVKR] Kex2 cleavage sequence, Δpep1Δtsp1Δslp1, and overexpresses T. reesei KEX2.

Spores of M304 were spread onto minimal medium plates containing 20 g/l glucose, 2 g/l proteose peptone, 5 mM uridine and 1.5 g/l 5-FOA, pH 4.8. Some 5-FOA resistant colonies were streaked after 5-7 days onto plates described above with 1 ml/l Triton X-100 supplementation. A few clones were further purified to single cell clones via consecutive purification platings: a small piece of mycelia was picked to 0.8% NaCl-0.025% Tween 20-20% glycerol, suspended thoroughly by vortexing and filtrated through a cotton-filled pipette tip. Purified clones were sporulated on plates containing 39 g/l potato dextrose agarose. These clones were tested for uridine auxotrophy by plating spores onto minimal medium plates (20 g/l glucose, 1 ml/l Triton X-100, pH 4.8) with and without 5 mM uridine supplementation. No growth was observed on plates without uridine indicating the selected clones were putative pyr4⁻. Clones were stored for future use and one of them was designated with strain number M317.

Pmt1 was deleted from M317 (pyr4⁻ of the strain M304) using the pmt1 deletion cassette from plasmid pTTv185 described above. To remove the vector sequence, plasmid pTTv185 (Δpmt1-pyr4) was digested with PmeI+XbaI and the correct fragment was purified from an agarose gel using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Approximately 5 μg of the pmt1 deletion cassette was used to transform strain M317. Preparation of protoplasts and transformation for pyr4 selection were carried out essentially according to methods in Penttilä et al. (1987, Gene 61:155-164) and Gruber et al (1990, Curr. Genet. 18:71-76).

100 colonies were picked as selective streaks. 40 transformants were screened by PCR using the primers in Table 3 for the correct integration of the deletion cassette using standard laboratory methods. 12 putative deletion clones were purified to single cell clones. Purified clones were rescreened for integration and for deletion of pmt1 ORF using primers on Table 5. Four clones (in duplicate) were pure disruptants (i.e. no signal with ORF primers).

TABLE 3 Primers for screening integration of deletion cassette pTTv185 and for deletion of protein O-mannosyltransferase 1 (pmt1, TreID75421) from M317. Primer Sequence T296_75421_5int TATGGCTTTAGATGGGGACA (SEQ ID NO: 56) T027_Pyr4_orf_start_rev TGCGTCGCCGTCTCGCTCCT (SEQ ID NO: 57) T061_pyr4_orf_screen_2F TTAGGCGACCTCTTTTTCCA (SEQ ID NO: 58) T297_75421_3int CCTGTATCGTCCTGTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 59) T359_pmt1_orf_for GCGCCTGTCGAGTCGGCATT (SEQ ID NO: 60) T360_pmt1_orf_rev CACCGGCCATGCTCTTGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 61) T756_pmt1_orf_for2 CAAGGTGCCCTATGTCGC (SEQ ID NO: 62) T757_pmt1_orf_rev2 GATCGGGTCAGGACGGAA (SEQ ID NO: 63)

Deletion of pmt1 was verified by Southern analyses. DNA for Southern analyses was extracted with Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA isolation (Invitrogen) essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern analyses were essentially performed according to the protocol for homologous hybridizations in Sambrook et al. (1989, Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual. 2^(nd) Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press) using radioactive labeling (³²P-dCTP) and DecaLabel Plus kit (Fermentas). Southern digestion schemes were designed using Geneious Pro software (Geneious website). Fragments for probes were produced by PCR using the primers listed in Table 4 using a T. reesei wild type strain QM6a (ATCC13631) as the template. PCR products were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

TABLE 4 Primers for production of probe fragments used in Southern analyses of protein  O-mannosyltransferase 1 (pmt1, TreID75421) deletion strains. Primer Sequence T635_pmt1_5f_for AGCCTGTCTGAGGGACGG (SEQ ID NO: 64) T636_pmt1_5f_rev CAAGGTCGAGATTCGGCA (SEQ ID NO: 65) T637_pmt1_3f_for CAGAAGGGGGCGGTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 66) T638_pmt1_3f_rev GTCCCAGCTCCCGCTCT (SEQ ID NO: 67) T359_pmt1_orf_for GCGCCTGTCGAGTCGGCATT (SEQ ID NO: 68) T360_pmt1_orf_rev CACCGGCCATGCTCTTGCCA (SEQ ID NO: 69)

None of the clones hybridised with pmt1 ORF probe (FIG. 1A) indicating successful deletion of pmt1. Analyses using 5′ and 3′ flank probes revealed that four of the clones were single integrants (FIGS. 1B and 1C; 26-8A and B, 26-21A and B). Four clones gave additional signals and thus indicated multiple integration of the deletion cassette. Four pure clones (with and without additional copies of the deletion cassette) have been stored for future use (M403; 26-8A, M404; 26-19A, M406; 26-168 and M407; 26-198).

Example 2 Analyses of ΔPmt1 Strains M403, M404, M406 and M407

Shake flask cultivation of T. reesei M304 and eight pmt1 deletion strains (26-8A (M403), 26-8B, 26-16A, 26-16B (M406), 26-19A (M404), 26-19B (M407), 26-21A, 26-21B) was carried out in Trichoderma minimal medium with 40 g/l lactose, 20 g/l spent grain extract, 100 mM PIPPS, 9 g/l casamino acids, pH 5.5 at +28° C., 200 rpm. Samples were collected on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 by vacuum filtration. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C. (antibody and glycan analyses) or used in pH determinations. Mycelia for cell dry weight determinations were rinsed once with DDIW and dried at +100° C. for 20-24 h. Mycelia for genomic DNA extraction were rinsed once with DDIW and stored to −20° C.

O-mannosylation status analysis was performed to shake flask cultivations of T. reesei M304, eight pmt1 disruptants (pTTv185: 26-8A, 26-8B, 26-16A, 26-16B, 26-19A, 26-19B, 26-21A, 26-21B). All were cultivated in TrMM—40 g/l lactose—20 g/l SGE—100 mM PIPPS—9 g/l casamino acids, pH 5.5 at +28° C. and samples were taken on time point days 3, 5, 7 and 10.

MAB01 antibody from each sample from day 7 was purified from supernatants using Protein G HP MultiTrap 96-well plate (GE Healthcare) according to manufacturer's instructions. The antibody was eluted with 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 2.6 and neutralized with 2 M Tris, pH 9. The concentration was determined via UV absorbance in spectrophotometer against MAB01 standard curve. For O-mannosylation analysis, 10 μg of protein was incubated in 6 M Guanidinium HCl for 30 minutes at +60° C. after which 5 μl of fresh 0.1 M DTT was added and incubated again as above. The samples were purified using Poros R1 96-well plate and the resulting light chains were analysed using MALDI-TOF MS. All were made as duplicates.

In flask cultures the O-mannosylation status in pmt1 disruptants was remarkably changed; all Δpmt1 disruptants looked the same—nearly complete loss of O-mannosylation in MAB01 LC (FIG. 2: Spectra of light chain of flask cultured parental T. reesei strain M317 (pyr4⁻ of M304) (A) and Δpmt1 disruptant clone 26-8A (B), day 7).

Fermentation of ΔPmt1 Strain M403

Fermentation was carried out with Δpmt1 strain M403 (clone 26-8A; pTTv185 in M317). Fermentation culture medium contained 30 g/l glucose, 60 g/l lactose, 60 g/l whole spent grain at pH 5.5. Lactose feed was started after glucose exhaustion. Growth temperature was shifted from +28° C. to +22° C. after glucose exhaustion. Samples were collected by vacuum filtration. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C.

In FIG. 3 is shown the Western analyses of supernatant samples. MAB01 heavy and light chains were detected from supernatant after day three. Despite the deletion of pmt1, that could also reduce O-mannosylation of the linker and thus aid KEX2 cleavage, substantial amount of light chain remains attached to the carrier in the early days of the fermentation. At later stages, the cleavage is more complete but the yield may be affected by the degradation of the heavy chain. Results on antibody titres (Table 7 below) indicate fairly steady expression between days 7 to 10. In this fermentation the pmt1 deletion strain produced approximately equal antibody levels as the parental strain. Higher titres were obtained when the same strain was fermented using a different fermenter.

M403 (clone 26-8A) was cultivated in fermenter in TrMM, 30 g/l glucose, 60 g/l lactose, 60 g/l spent grain, pH 5.5 with lactose feed. Samples were harvested on days 2, 3 and 5-11. 0-mannosylation level analysis was performed as to flask cultures. The O-mannosylation status was greatly decreased also in fermenter culture (FIG. 4, Table 5).

The O-mannosylation level was calculated from average of area and intensity (Table 5). Area (Table 6) seems to give more commonly higher rate of non-O-glycosylated LC than intensity (Table 7). In all time points the O-mannosylation level was below 5%.

TABLE 5 O-mannosylation status of T. reesei strain M403 (pmt1 deletion strain of MAB01 antibody producing strain, clone 26-8A) from fermenter culture. Percentages calculated from area and intensity of single charged signals. In time point d 9 both samples gave 100% to LC, LC + Hex1 being practically absent. 3 d 5 d 6 d 7 d d 8 d 9 d 10 d 11 Average Average Std Average Std Average Std Average Average Average Std Average Std LC 95.8 96.8 0.30 97.5 0.29 97.4 0.36 97.3 100.0 96.6 0.2 95.5 0.11 LC + Hex 4.2 3.2 0.30 2.5 0.29 2.6 0.36 2.7 0.0 3.4 0.2 4.5 0.11

TABLE 6 The percentages of area values of three parallel samples from fermenter cultured M403 from day 7. Area average Std LC 98.5 0.15 LC + Hex 1.5 0.15

TABLE 7 The percentages of intensity values of three parallel samples from fermenter cultured M403 from day 7. Intensity average Std LC 96.3 0.57 LC + Hex 3.7 0.57

No negative effects of strain growth characteristic and secretion capacity were observed. The strain M403 grew well and produced increased amount of antibody in function of time in fermenter culture. The best titer was obtained from day 10 (Table 8). On day 11 the titer is decreased.

TABLE 8 Titers from fermenter cultured MAB01 producing strain M403. The antibody was purified using Protein G 96-well plate. Time point Days cultured Titer g/l  54:30 hours 2 0.04  71:50 hours 3 0.04  77:45 hours 3 0.07 126:20 hours 5 0.91 148:20 hours 6 1.23 168:20 hours 7 1.47 192:00 hours 8 1.50 217:15 hours 9 1.35 241:00 hours 10 1.52 275:20 hours 11 1.06

Deletion of pmt1 diminished dramatically MAB01 0-mannosylation; the amount of O-mannosylated LC was ˜61% in parental strain, 3% in the best Δpmt1 clone in shake flask culture and practically 0% in fermenter culture in time point day 9.

Deletion of Pmt1 in a Fab Expressing Trichoderma reesei Strain

The pmt1 disruption cassette (pmt1 amdS) was released from its backbone vector pTTv124 described above by restriction digestion and purified through gel extraction. Using protoplast transformation the deletion cassette was introduced to T. reesei strains M304 (3-fold protease deletion strain expressing MAB01) and M307 (4-fold protease deletion strain Δpep1 Δtsp1 Δslp1 Δgap1, also described in PCT/EP2013/050126 that has been transformed to express a Fab). Transformants were plated to acetamidase selective medium (minimal medium containing acetamide as the sole carbon source).

Transformants were screened by PCR for homologous integration of the acetamidase marker to the pmt1 locus using a forward primer outside the 5′ flanking region fragment of the construct and the reverse primer inside the AmdS selection marker (5′ integration) as well as a forward primer inside the AmdS selection marker and a reverse primer outside the 3′ flanking region fragment (3′ integration). Three independent transformants of each transformation (MAB01 and Fab expressing strains), which gave PCR results displaying correct integration of the construct to the pmt1 locus were selected for single spore purification to obtain uninuclear clones. Proper integration of the disruption cassette was reconfirmed by PCR using the same primer combinations as described above and the absence of the pmt1 gene was verified by using a primer combination targeted to the pmt1 open reading frame. Correct integration of the disruption cassette was additionally verified for all clones applying Southern hybridization. Digested genomic DNA of the three clones as well as the parental strain were probed against the 5′ and 3′ flanks of the pmt1 gene to confirm modification of the pmt1 locus as expected. Furthermore, the blotted DNA was hybridized with a probe specific to the pmt1 open reading frame in order to substantiate the absence of pmt1.

MAB01 and Fab Expression for O-Mannosylation Analysis

To evaluate the impact of pmt1 deletion on O-mannosylation levels of mAb and Fab molecules, strains were grown in batch fermentations for 7 days, in media containing 2% yeast extract, 4% cellulose, 4% cellobiose, 2% sorbose, 5 g/L KH2PO4, and 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4. Culture pH was controlled at pH 5.5 (adjusted with NH4OH). The starting temperature was 30° C., which was shifted to 22° C. after 48 hours. mAb fermentations (strains M304, M403, M406 and M407) were carried out in 4 parallel 2 L glas reactor vessels (DASGIP) with a culture volume of 1 L and the Fab fermentation (TR090#5) was done in a 15 L steel tank reactor (Infors) with a culture volume of 6 L. Fab strains (TR090#5, TR090#3, TR090#17) were additionally cultured in shake flasks for 4 days at 28° C. Main media components were 1% yeast extract, 2% cellobiose, 1% sorbose, 15 g/L KH2PO4 and 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 and the pH was uncontrolled (pH drops from 5.5 to <3 during a time course of cultivation). Culture supernatant samples were taken during the course of the runs and stored at −20° C. Samples were collected daily from the whole course of these cultivations, and production levels were analyzed by affinity liquid chromatography. Samples with maximum production levels were subject to purification and further O-mannosylation analysis.

Analysis of O-mannosylation on Fab and mAb

O-mannosylation was analyzed on mAb and Fab molecules expressed from both, the pmt1 deletion and parental strains. The mAb and Fab was purified from culture supernatants using Lambda Select Sure and CaptureSelect Fab Lambda (BAC) affinity chromatography resin, respectively, applying conditions as described by the manufactures protocols. Both purified molecules including, the purified mAb and Fab were subjected to RP-LC-QTOF-MS either as intact and/or reduced/alkylated samples.

For intact analysis, an equivalent of 20 μg protein was injected onto the column. For reduced/alkylated analyses of mAb, an equivalent of 100 μg protein was deglycosylated using PNGase-F enzyme, reduced using DTT and alkylated using iodoacetamide prior to LC-MS analysis. For reduced/alkylated analyses of Fab, an equivalent of 100 μg protein was reduced with DTT and alkylated with iodoacetamide prior to LC-MS analysis. 6 μg of the reduced/alkylated sample were injected onto the column. Reversed-phase chromatography separation was carried out on a 2.1×150 mm Zorbax C3 column packed with 5 μm particles, 300 Å pore size the eluents were: eluent A 0.1% TFA in water and eluent B 0.1% TFA in 70% IPA, 20% ACN, 10% water. The column was heated at 75° C. and the flo rate was 200 μL/min. The gradient used for the sample separation is shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 HPLC gradient used for intact and reduced/alkylated samples Time % B Flow (mL/min) 0 10 0.1 0.1 10 0.2 2 10 0.2 4 28 0.2 30 36.4 0.2 31 100 0.2 34 100 0.2 35 10 0.2 40 10 0.2

The HPLC was directly coupled with a Q-TOF Ultima mass spectrometer (Waters, Manchester, UK). The ESI-TOF mass spectrometer was set to run in positive ion mode. The data evaluation of intact and reduced/alkylated analyses was performed using MassLynx analysis software (Waters, Manchester, UK). The deconvolution of the averaged mass spectra from the main UV signals was carried out using the MaxEnt algorithm, a part of the MassLynx analysis software (Waters, Manchester, UK). The deconvolution parameters were the following: “max numbers of iterations” are 8; resolution is 0.1 Da/channel; Uniform Gaussian—width at half height is 1 Da for intact and 0.5 for the reduced chains and minimum intensity ratios are left 30% and right 30%. The estimated level of O-mannosylation (%) was determined using the peak signal height after deconvolution. The observed O-mannosylation levels (%) of mAbs and Fabs from independent pmt1 deletion strains are compared to the ones of the respective parental wild-type strains in Tables 10 and 11.

TABLE 10 O-mannosylation level [%] of Fabs from different strains Strain Parental Sample M307 TR090#5 TR090#3 TR090#17 Intact Fab 70.1 34.2 34.3 34.7 LC 58.8 10.4 10.1 10.8 HC 42.9 26.1 25.9 25.8

TABLE 11 O-mannosylation level [%] of MAB01 from different pmt1 deficient strains M403, M406 and M407. Parental strain is M304 Strain in yeast extract medium Sample Parental M403 M406 M407 LC 50.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 HC 4.8 Not Not Not detected detected detected

The O-mannosylation level was found to be 70% on intact Fab derived from the parental strain and reduced to ˜34% in all three pmt1 deletion strains. The transfer of mannoses was more efficiently diminished on the Fab light chains (10% of residual O-mannosylation on light chains obtained from pmt1 deletion strains vs. 59% for the parental strain), as compared to the heavy chains, for which it decreased from 43% to ˜26%.

The O-mannosylation level was found to be 50% on the light chain of mAb derived from parental strains and reduced to 5.7-5.8% in all three pmt1 deletion strains. The O-mannosylation level was found to be 4.8% on the heavy chain of mAb derived from parental strains and was completely reduced (below the limit of detection by LC-MS) in all three pmt1 deletion strains.

In conclusion, after deletion of pmt1, almost 95% of purified mAb and 70% of Fab molecules did no longer contain any O-mannose residues. Therefore, pmt1 is a valuable target to reduce O-mannosylation of secreted proteins and to improve product quality of biopharmaceuticals produced by Trichoderma reesei.

Example 3 Pmt2 Deletion in a Trichoderma reesei Strain Generation of Pmt2 Deletion Plasmids

Three different deletion plasmids (pTTv34, pTTv122, pTTv186) were constructed for deletion of the protein O-mannosyltransferase gene pmt2 (TrelD22005). All the plasmids contain the same 5′ and 3′ flanking regions for correct integration to the pmt2 locus. The difference between the three plasmids is the marker used in the selection; pTTv34 contains a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans (amdS), pTTv122 contains a loopout version (blaster cassette) of the amdS marker and pTTv186 a loopout version (blaster cassette) of a gene encoding orotidine-5′-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase of T. reesei (pyr4).

1100 bp of 5′ and 1000 bp of 3′ flanking regions were selected as the basis of the second protein O-mannosyltransferase gene, pmt2 (TrelD22005), deletion plasmids. The construction of the first plasmid for this gene was carried out essentially as described for pmt1 in Example 1. As for pmt1, the first deletion plasmid for pmt2 (plasmid pTTv34, Table 12) used amdS, a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans, as the selection marker.

Like for pmt1 in Example 1, to clone the second deletion plasmid, pTTv122 (Table 12), the amdS marker was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv34 with NotI digestion and replaced by amdS blaster cassette for which the fragments were produced by PCR (see Example 1 above for details). The plasmid pTTv122 was constructed using the yeast recombination system described in Example 1. The plasmid DNA from the yeast transformants was rescued by transformation into Escherichia coli. A few clones were cultivated, plasmid DNA was isolated and digested to screen for correct recombination using standard laboratory methods. A few clones with correct insert sizes were sequenced and stored.

The third deletion plasmid for pmt2, pTTv186 (Table 12) was cloned like the third plasmid for pmt1; the amdS blaster cassette was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv122 with NotI digestion and replaced by the pyr4 blaster cassette described in Example 1. The pyr4 blaster cassette was obtained from another plasmid with NotI digestion, ligated to NotI cut pTTv122 and transformed into E. coli using standard laboratory methods. A few transformants were cultivated, plasmid DNA isolated and digested to screen for correct ligation and orientation of the pyr4 blaster cassette using standard laboratory methods. One clone with correct insert size and orientation was sequenced and stored. These deletion plasmids for pmt2 (pTTv34, pTTv122 and pTTv186, Table 12) result in 3186 bp deletion in the pmt2 locus and cover the complete coding sequence of PMT2.

TABLE 12 Primers for generating deletion plasmids pTTv34, pTTv122 and pTTv186 for protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (pmt2, TreID22005). Deletion plasmid pTTv34 for pmt2 (TreID22005), vector backbone  pRS426 Primer Sequence 22005_5′F CGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGACGGT TTAAACGTTTCAGGTACCAACACCTG (SEQ ID NO: 70) 22005_5′R ATCTCTCAAAGGAAGAATCCCTTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGTGC GGCCGCGGCGAAGAGTCTGGCGGGGA (SEQ ID NO: 71) 22005_3′F CGGTTCTCATCTGGGCTTGCTCGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTAGCG GCCGCAAGAGGATGGGGGTAAAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 72) 22005_3′R GTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAGCGT TTAAACGAGGAGGACTCGTGAGTTAT (SEQ ID NO: 73) Deletion plasmid pTTv122 for pmt2 (TreID22005), vector backbone pTTv34 T280_22005_amds_5for GCGCCCTTCCGCCTCGACAATCCCCGCCAGACTCTTCGCCGC GGCCGCGGCCGGCCGCGATCGCCTAGATCTACGCCAGGACC G (SEQ ID NO: 74) T283_amds_3rev_loop CGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTAGGGCGCGCCACTGGAAACGCAAC CCTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 75) T284_amds_loop_5for TTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGTGGCGCGCCCTAGATCTACGCCAG GACCG (SEQ ID NO: 76) T285_22005_loop_3rev GAGCTGGCCAGAAAAGACCAAGCTTTACCCCCATCCTCTTGCG GCCGCGATTATTGCACAAGCAGCGA (SEQ ID NO: 77) Deletion plasmid pTTv186 for pmt2 (TreID22005), vector backbone pTTv122 Primer Sequence no new primers, pTTv122 digested with NotI and ligated with pyr4- loopout fragment from another plasmid

Generation of Pmt2 Deletion Strains M338, M339 and M340

To remove vector sequence plasmid pTTv122 (Δpmt2-amdS) was digested with PmeI+XbaI and the 5.2 kb fragment purified from agarose gel using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Approximately 5 μg of the pmt2 deletion cassette was used to transform the strain M124 (M124 strain is described in WO2012/069593). Protoplast preparation and transformation were carried out essentially according to Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61:155-164 and Gruber et al, 1990, Current Genetics 18:71-76 for amdS selection.

120 colonies were picked as selective streaks. 10 transformants were screened by PCR using the primers in Table 13 for the correct integration of the deletion cassette using standard laboratory methods. Five putative deletion clones were purified to single cell clones. Purified clones (two parallel from each) were rescreened for correct integration and for deletion of pmt2 ORF (primers on Table 13). Five clones were selected for Southern analyses.

TABLE 13 Primers for screening integration of deletion cassette pTTv122 and for deletion of protein O- mannosyltransferase 2 (pmt2, TreID22005) from M124. Primer Sequence T288_22005_5int ACGAGTTGTTTCGTGTACCG  (SEQ ID NO: 78) T020_Amds_rev2 CTTTCCATTCATCAGGGATGG  (SEQ ID NO: 79) T021_amds_end_fwd GGAGACTCAGTGAAGAGAGG  (SEQ ID NO: 80) T289_22005_3int ATGTTGCAGTTGCGAAAG  (SEQ ID NO: 81) T290_22005_5orf CCCTCGTCGCAGAAAAGATG  (SEQ ID NO: 82) T291_22005_3orf AGCCTCCTTGGGAACCTCAG  (SEQ ID NO: 83)

Deletion of pmt2 was verified by Southern analyses. DNA for Southern analyses was extracted with Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA isolation (Invitrogen) essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern analyses were essentially performed as described in Example 1. Fragments for probes were produced by PCR using the primers listed in Table 14 using a T. reesei strain M124 as the template for the ORF probe and plasmid pTTv122 for the 5′ and 3′ flank probes. PCR products were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

TABLE 14 Primers for production of probe fragments used  in Southern analyses of protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (pmt2, TreID22005) deletion strains. Primer Sequence T639_22005 5′ flank CTTAGTGCGGCTGGAGGGCG probe F (SEQ ID NO: 84) T640_22005 5′ flank GGCCGGTTCGTGCAACTGGA probe R (SEQ ID NO: 85) T641_22005 3′ flank GGCCGCAAGAGGATGGGGGT probe F (SEQ ID NO: 86) T642_22005 3′ flank TCGGGCCAGCTGAAGCACAAC probe R (SEQ ID NO: 87) T643_22005 orf 5′ probe TTGAGGAACGGCTGCCTGCG (SEQ ID NO: 88) T644_22005 orf 3′ probe CGATGGCTCCGTCATCCGCC (SEQ ID NO: 89)

Three of the clones did not hybridise with pmt2 ORF probe (Data not shown) indicating successful deletion of pmt2. Analyses using 5′ and 3′ flank probes revealed that the same three clones were single integrants (Data not shown). The two other clones (19-35A and 19-40B) gave signals corresponding to parental strain M124. Three pure clones have been stored for future use (M338; 19-7B, M339; 19-22B and M340; 19-39B).

Analyses of ΔPmt2 Strains M338, M339 and M340

Shake flask cultivation of T. reesei strain M124 and the pmt2 deletion strains (19-7B/M338, 19-22B/M339 and 19-39B/M340) was carried out in Trichoderma minimal medium with 40 g/l lactose, 20 g/l spent grain extract, 100 mM PIPPS, pH 5.5 with and without 1 M sorbitol as osmotic stabiliser at +28° C., 200 rpm. Samples were collected on days 3, 5 and 7 by vacuum filtration. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C. (antibody and glycan analyses) or used in pH determinations. Mycelia for cell dry weight determinations were rinsed once with DDIW and dried at +100° C. for 20-24 h. Mycelia for genomic DNA extraction were rinsed once with DDIW and stored to −20° C.

Generation of Pmt2 Deletion Strains M452, M453 and M454

Generation of M317 is described in Example 1 above.

To remove vector sequence plasmid pTTv186 (Δpmt2-pyr4) was digested with PmeI+XbaI and the 4.1 kb fragment purified from agarose gel using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Approximately 5 μg of the pmt2 deletion cassette was used to transform M317.

Protoplast preparation and transformation were carried out essentially according to Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61:155-164 and Gruber et al, 1990, Current Genetics 18:71-76 for pyr4 selection.

100 colonies were picked as selective streaks. 20 transformants were screened by PCR using the primers in Table 15 for the correct integration of the deletion cassette using standard laboratory methods. Nine putative deletion clones were purified to single cell clones. Purified clones were rescreened for 5′ integration and for deletion of pmt2 ORF (primers on Table 14). Three clones were pure deletants (i.e. no signal with ORF primers).

TABLE 15 Primers for screening integration of deletion  cassette pTTv186 and for deletion of protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (pmt2, TreID22005) from M317. Primer Sequence T288_22005_5int ACGAGTTGTTTCGTGTACCG (SEQ ID NO: 90) T027_Pyr4_orf_start_rev TGCGTCGCCGTCTCGCTCCT (SEQ ID NO: 91) T061_pyr4_orf_screen_2F TTAGGCGACCTCTTTTTCCA (SEQ ID NO: 92) T289_22005_3int ATGTTGCAGTTGCGAAAG (SEQ ID NO: 93) T290_22005_5orf CCCTCGTCGCAGAAAAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 94) T291_22005_3orf AGCCTCCTTGGGAACCTCAG (SEQ ID NO: 95)

Deletion of pmt2 was verified by Southern analyses. DNA for Southern analyses was extracted with Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA isolation (Invitrogen) essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern analyses were essentially performed as described in Example 1. Fragments for probes were produced by PCR using the primers listed in Table 16 using a T. reesei wild type strain QM6a (ATCC13631) as the template for pmt2 ORF probe and plasmid pTTv186 for 5′ and 3′ flank probes. PCR products were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

TABLE 16 Primers for production of probe fragments used in Southern analyses of protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (pmt2, TreID22005) deletion clones. Primer Sequence T639_22005 5′ flank CTTAGTGCGGCTGGAGGGCG probe F (SEQ ID NO: 96) T640_22005 5′ flank GGCCGGTTCGTGCAACTGGA probe R (SEQ ID NO: 97) T641_22005 3′ flank GGCCGCAAGAGGATGGGGGT probe F (SEQ ID NO: 98) T642_22005 3′ flank TCGGGCCAGCTGAAGCACAAC probe R (SEQ ID NO: 99) T290_22005_5orf CCCTCGTCGCAGAAAAGATG (SEQ ID NO: 100) T291_22005_3orf AGCCTCCTTGGGAACCTCAG  (SEQ ID NO: 101)

None of the clones hybridised with pmt2 ORF probe (Data not shown) indicating successful deletion of pmt2. Analyses using 5′ and 3′ flank probes revealed that two of the clones were single integrants (Data not shown). One clone gave additional signal from the 3′flank probing (Data not shown) and thus indicated partial or multiple integration of the deletion cassette. Three pure clones (with and without additional copies of the deletion cassette) have been stored for future use (M452; 27-10A, M453; 27-17A and M454: 27-18B).

Analyses of ΔPmt2 Strains M452, M453 and M454

Shake flask cultivation of T. reesei strain M304 and three pmt2 deletion strains (27-10A/M452, 27-17A/M453 and 27-18B/M454) was carried out in Trichoderma minimal medium with 40 g/l lactose, 20 g/l spent grain extract, 100 mM PIPPS, 9 g/l casamino acids, pH 5.5 at +28° C., 200 rpm. Samples were collected on days 3, 5, 7 and 10 by vacuum filtration. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C. (antibody and glycan analyses) or used in pH determinations. Mycelia for cell dry weight determinations were rinsed once with DDIW and dried at +100° C. for 20-24 h. Mycelia for genomic DNA extraction were rinsed once with DDIW and stored to −20° C.

O-mannosylation level analysis was performed to pmt2 deletion strains as to flask cultures of pmt1 deletion strains. No difference was observed in O-mannosylation compared to parental strain M304.

Example 4 Pmt3 Deletion in a Trichoderma reesei Strain Generation of Pmt3 Deletion Plasmids

Three different deletion plasmids (pTTv35, pTTv123, pTTv187) were constructed for deletion of the protein O-mannosyltransferase gene pmt3 (TrelD22527). All the plasmids contain the same 5′ and 3′ flanking regions for correct integration to the pmt3 locus. The difference between the three plasmids is the marker used in the selection; pTTv35 contains a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans (amdS), pTTv123 contains a loopout version (blaster cassette) of the amdS marker and pTTv187 a loopout version (blaster cassette) of a gene encoding orotidine-5′-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase of T. reesei (pyr4).

1100 bp of 5′ and 1000 bp of 3′ flanking regions were selected as the basis of the third protein O-mannosyltransferase gene, pmt3 (TrelD22527), deletion plasmids. The construction of the first plasmid for this gene was carried out essentially as described for pmt1 in Example 1. As for pmt1, the first deletion plasmid for pmt3 (plasmid pTTv35, Table 17) used amdS, a gene encoding acetamidase of Aspergillus nidulans, as the selection marker.

Like for pmt1 in Example 1, to clone the second deletion plasmid, pTTv123 (Table 16), the amdS marker was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv35 with NotI digestion and replaced by amdS blaster cassette for which the fragments were produced by PCR (see Example 1 above for details). The plasmid pTTv123 was constructed using the yeast recombination system described in Example 1. The plasmid DNA from the yeast transformants was rescued by transformation into Escherichia coli. A few clones were cultivated, plasmid DNA was isolated and digested to screen for correct recombination using standard laboratory methods. A few clones with correct insert sizes were sequenced and stored.

The third deletion plasmid for pmt3, pTTv187 (Table 17) was cloned like the third plasmid for pmt1; the amdS blaster cassette was removed from the deletion plasmid pTTv123 with NotI digestion and replaced by the pyr4 blaster cassette described in Example 1. The pyr4 blaster cassette was obtained from another plasmid with NotI digestion, ligated to NotI cut pTTv123 and transformed into E. coli using standard laboratory methods. A few transformants were cultivated, plasmid DNA isolated and digested to screen for correct ligation and orientation of the pyr4 blaster cassette using standard laboratory methods. One clone with correct insert size and orientation was sequenced and stored. These deletion plasmids for pmt3 (pTTv35, pTTv123 and pTTv187, Table 17) result in 2495 bp deletion in the pmt3 locus and cover the complete coding sequence of PMT3.

TABLE 17 Primers for generating deletion plasmids pTTv35, pTTv123 and pTTv187 for protein O-mannosyltransferase 3 (pmt3, TreID22527). Deletion plasmid pTTv35 for pmt3 (TreID22527), vector backbone pRS426 Primer Sequence 22527_5′F CGATTAAGTTGGGTAACGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC GGTTTAAACGTGTTTAAATTTGATGAGGC (SEQ ID NO: 102) 22527_5′R ATCTCTCAAAGGAAGAATCCCTTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGT GCGGCCGCGGTCTCAGAGACAGCCTTCT (SEQ ID NO: 103) 22527_3′F CGGTTCTCATCTGGGCTTGCTCGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTA GCGGCCGCACTCGGCTTCTTTGTCCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 104) 22527_3′R GTGGAATTGTGAGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGGAAACAG CGTTTAAACTCCTCGTCGGCAACAAGGCC (SEQ ID NO: 105) Deletion plasmid pTTv123 for pmt3 (TreID22527), vector backbone pTTv35 T281_22527_amds_5for GCAGATCTGGGGGAGGAATCAGAAGGCTGTCTCTGAGACC GCGGCCGCGGCCGGCCGCGATCGCCTAGATCTACGCCAG GACCG (SEQ ID NO: 106) T283_amds_3rev_loop CGGTCCTGGCGTAGATCTAGGGCGCGCCACTGGAAACGC AACCCTGAA (SEQ ID NO: 107) T284_amds_loop_5for TTCAGGGTTGCGTTTCCAGTGGCGCGCCCTAGATCTACGC CAGGACCG (SEQ ID NO: 108) T286_22527_loop_3rev AAAGTGGGCGAGCTGAGATACTCGGACAAAGAAGCCGAGT GCGGCCGCGATTATTGCACAAGCAGCGA (SEQ ID NO: 109) Deletion plasmid pTTv187 for pmt3 (TreID22527), vector backbone pTTv123 Primer Sequence no new primers, pTTv123 digested with NotI and ligated with pyr4- loopout fragment from another plasmid.

Generation of Pmt3 Deletion Strains M341 and M342

To remove vector sequence plasmid pTTv123 (Δpmt3-amdS) was digested with PmeI+XbaI and the 5.2 kb fragment purified from agarose gel using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Approximately 5 μg of the pmt3 deletion cassette was used to transform the strain M124. Protoplast preparation and transformation were carried out essentially according to Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61:155-164 and Gruber et al, 1990, Current Genetics 18:71-76 for amdS selection.

120 colonies were picked as selective streaks. 10 transformants were screened by PCR using the primers in Table 18 for the correct integration of the deletion cassette using standard laboratory methods. Three putative deletion clones were purified to single cell clones. Purified clones (three parallel from each) were rescreened for correct integration and for deletion of pmt3 ORF (primers on Table 18). Three clones were selected for Southern analyses.

TABLE 18 Primers for screening integration of deletion cassette pTTv123 and for deletion of protein O- mannosyltransferase 3 (pmt3, TreID22527) from M124. Primer Sequence T292_22527_5int ACGGGAGATCTCGGAAAA  (SEQ ID NO: 110) T020_Amds_rev2 CTTTCCATTCATCAGGGATGG  (SEQ ID NO: 111) T021_amds_end_fwd GGAGACTCAGTGAAGAGAGG  (SEQ ID NO: 112) T293_22527_3int ATGAAGCTCAGCCTGTGG  (SEQ ID NO: 113) T294_22527_5orf GGGGACGGCTTGAGGAAG  (SEQ ID NO: 114) T295_22527_3orf CTGCTTGCTGCTTCCAGTCA  (SEQ ID NO: 115)

Deletion of pmt3 was verified by Southern analyses. DNA for Southern analyses was extracted with Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA isolation (Invitrogen) essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern analyses were essentially performed as described in Example 1. Fragments for probes were produced by PCR using the primers listed in Table 19 using a T. reesei strain M124 as the template for the ORF probe and plasmid pTTv123 for the 5′ and 3′ flank probes. PCR products were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

TABLE 19 Primers for production of probe fragments used in Southern analyses of protein O- mannosyltransferase 3 (pmt3, TreID22527) deletion strains. Primer Sequence T645_22527 5′ flank TGGCAGATGCCGAAAGGCGG  probe F (SEQ ID NO: 116) T646_22527 5′ flank TGGCAACCAGCTGTGGCTCC probe R (SEQ ID NO: 117) T647_22527 3′ flank CGGCCGCACTCGGCTTCTTT probe F (SEQ ID NO: 118) T648_22527 3′ flank GAGTGGGCTAGGCGCAACGG probe R (SEQ ID NO: 119) T649_22527 orf 5′ GGATCGGCCACTGCCACCAC probe (SEQ ID NO: 120) T650_22527 orf 3′ GCCCACTTCTCTGCGCGTGT probe (SEQ ID NO: 121)

Two of the clones did not hybridise with pmt3 ORF probe (Data not shown) indicating successful deletion of pmt3. Analyses using 5′ and 3′ flank probes revealed that the same two clones were single integrants (Data not shown). One clone (20-32C) gave signals corresponding to parental strain M124. Two clones have been stored for future use (M341; 20-34C and M342; 20-35B).

Analyses of ΔPmt3 Strains M341 and M342

Shake flask cultivation of T. reesei strain M124 and the pmt3 deletion strains (20-34C/M341 and 20-35B/M342) was carried out in Trichoderma minimal medium with 40 g/l lactose, 20 g/l spent grain extract, 100 mM PIPPS, pH 5.5 with and without 1 M sorbitol as osmotic stabiliser at +28° C., 200 rpm. Samples were collected on days 3, 5 and 7 by vacuum filtration. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C. (antibody and glycan analyses) or used in pH determinations. Mycelia for cell dry weight determinations were rinsed once with DDIW and dried at +100° C. for 20-24 h. Mycelia for genomic DNA extraction were rinsed once with DDIW and stored to −20° C.

Generation of Pmt3 Deletion Strains M522 and M523

Generation of M317 is described in Example 1 above.

To remove vector sequence plasmid pTTv187 (Δpmt3-pyr4) was digested with PmeI+XbaI and the 4.1 kb fragment purified from agarose gel using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). Approximately 5 μg of the pmt3 deletion cassette was used to transform M317. Protoplast preparation and transformation were carried out essentially according to Penttila et al., 1987, Gene 61:155-164 and Gruber et al, 1990, Current Genetics 18:71-76 for pyr4 selection.

200 colonies were picked as selective streaks. 59 transformants were screened by PCR using the primers in Table 20 for the correct integration of the deletion cassette using standard laboratory methods. Three putative deletion clones were purified to single cell clones. Purified clones were rescreened for correct integration and for deletion of pmt3 ORF (primers on Table 19). Two clones (several parallels) were pure deletants (i.e. no signal with ORF primers).

TABLE 20 Primers for screening integration of deletion cassette pTTv187 and for deletion of protein O-  mannosyltransferase 3 (pmt3, TreID22527) from M317. Primer Sequence T292_22527_5int ACGGGAGATCTCGGAAAA  (SEQ ID NO: 122) T026_Pyr4_orf_5rev2 CCATGAGCTTGAACAGGTAA  (SEQ ID NO: 123) T061_pyr4_orf_screen_2F TTAGGCGACCTCTTTTTCCA  (SEQ ID NO: 124) T293_22527_3int ATGAAGCTCAGCCTGTGG  (SEQ ID NO: 125) T649_22527 orf 5′ GGATCGGCCACTGCCACCAC  probe (SEQ ID NO: 126) T650_22527 orf 3′ GCCCACTTCTCTGCGCGTGT  probe (SEQ ID NO: 127)

Deletion of pmt3 was verified by Southern analyses. DNA for Southern analyses was extracted with Easy-DNA kit for genomic DNA isolation (Invitrogen) essentially according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern analyses were essentially performed as described in Example 1. Fragments for probes were produced by PCR using the primers listed in Table 21 using a T. reesei wild type strain QM6a (ATCC13631) as the template for the ORF probe and plasmid pTTv187 for the 5′ and 3′ flank probes. PCR products were separated with agarose gel electrophoresis and correct fragments were isolated from the gel with a gel extraction kit (Qiagen) using standard laboratory methods.

TABLE 21 Primers for production of probe fragments used   in Southern analyses of protein O- mannosyltransferase 3 (pmt3, TreID22527) deletion strains. Primer Sequence T645_22527 5′ flank TGGCAGATGCCGAAAGGCGG  probe F (SEQ ID NO: 128) T646_22527 5′ flank TGGCAACCAGCTGTGGCTCC  probe R (SEQ ID NO: 129) T647_22527 3′ flank CGGCCGCACTCGGCTTCTTT  probe F (SEQ ID NO: 130) T648_22527 3′ flank GAGTGGGCTAGGCGCAACGG  probe R (SEQ ID NO: 131) T874_pmt3_orf_f3 CTCTGCGCGTGTTGTGG (SEQ ID NO: 132) T875_pmt3_orf_r3 TAAGGGTGCGGATTCGG (SEQ ID NO: 133)

Eight of the clones did not hybridise with pmt3 ORF probe (Data not shown) indicating successful deletion of pmt3. One clone (33-37K) hybridised with pmt3 ORF probe even though the signal size did not correspond to those from parental strains suggesting rearrangement in the pmt3 locus. Analyses using 5′ and 3′ flank probes revealed that the eight Δpmt3 clones were single integrants (Data not shown). One clone (33-37K) gave incorrect or additional signals suggesting rearrangements in the pmt3 locus and multiple integrations of the deletion cassette. Two pure clones have been stored for future use (M522; 33-34A and M523; 33-188A-a).

Analyses of ΔPmt3 Strains M522 and M523

24-well plate cultivation of T. reesei strain M304 and eight pmt3 deletion strains (33-34S/M522, 33-34T, 33-34U, 33-34Ô, 33-188A-a/M523, 33-188B-a, 33-188C-a and 33-188D-a) was carried out in Trichoderma minimal medium with 40 g/l lactose, 20 g/l spent grain extract, 100 mM PIPPS, 9 g/l casamino acids, pH 5.5 at +28° C., 800 rpm with humidity control. Samples were collected on days 3, 5 and 6 by centrifugation. Supernatant samples were stored to −20° C. Mycelia for cell dry weight determinations were rinsed once with DDIW and dried at +100° C. for 20-24 h. Mycelia for genomic DNA extraction were rinsed twice with DDIW and stored to −20° C.

O-mannosylation level analysis was performed to pmt3 deletion strains as to flask cultures of pmt1 deletion strains. No difference was observed in O-mannosylation compared to parental strain M304.

Example 5 Pmt Homologs

T. reesei pmt homologs were identified from other organisms.

BLAST searches were conducted using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) non-redundant amino acid database using the Trichoderma reesei PMT amino acid sequences as queries. Sequence hits from the BLAST searches were aligned using the ClustalW2 alignment tool provided by EBI. Phylogenetic trees were generated using average distance with BLOSUM62 after aligning the sequences in the Clustal Omega alignment tool.

A phylogenetic tree and a partial sequence alignment of the results of the PMT BLAST searches are depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively. 

1. A PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell comprising: a) a first mutation that reduces or eliminates an endogenous protease activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said first mutation, and b) a second mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity compared to a parental filamentous fungal cell which does not have said second mutation, wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora and Chrysosporium cell.
 2. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein said second mutation that reduces the endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity is a deletion or a disruption of a PMT gene encoding an endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity.
 3. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein said second mutation in a PMT gene is a mutation in either: a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which functional homologous gene is capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by functional complementation when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, or c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50% identity with SEQ NO:2, said polypeptide having O-mannosyltransferase activity.
 4. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein said cell has a third mutation that reduces or eliminates the level of expression of an ALG3 gene compared to the level of expression in a parental cell which does not have such third mutation.
 5. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 4, further comprising a first polynucleotide encoding a N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain and a second polynucleotide encoding a N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IT catalytic domain.
 6. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1-5, further comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: a) α1,2 mannosidase; b) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I catalytic domain; c) α mannosidase d) N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II catalytic domain; e) β1,4 galactosyltransferase; and, f) fucosyltransferase.
 7. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is a Trichoderma cell comprising a mutation that reduces or eliminates the protein O-mannosyltransferase activity of Trichoderma pmt1.
 8. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein said cell is a Trichoderma cell, for example Trichoderma reesei, and said cell comprises mutations that reduce or eliminate the activity of: a) the three endogenous proteases pep1, tsp1 and slp1; b) the three endogenous proteases gap1, slp1 and pep1; c) the three endogenous proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep8, pep11, pep12, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, slp7, gap1 and gap2; d) three to six proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, gap1 and gap2; or e) seven to ten proteases selected from the group consisting of pep1, pep2, pep3, pep4, pep5, pep7, pep8, tsp1, slp1, slp2, slp3, slp5, slp6, slp7, slp8, tpp1, gap1 and gap2.
 9. A method for producing a protein having reduced O-mannosylation, comprising: a) providing a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell having a mutation in a PMT gene that reduces endogenous O-mannosyltransferase activity in comparison to a parental strain which does not have such mutation, and further comprising a polynucleotide encoding a protein with serine or threonine residue, b) culturing said PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell to produce said protein having reduced O-mannosylation, wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora or Chrysosporium cell.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein said mutation in a PMT gene is a mutation in either: a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which gene is capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by functional complementation when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, or c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50% identity with SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having protein O-mannosyltransferase activity.
 11. The method according to claim 9, wherein said filamentous fungal cell expresses functional endogenous chaperone protein, such as Protein Disulphide Isomerase (PDI).
 12. The method according to any one of claim 9, wherein said PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell is selected from the cells as defined in any one of claims 1-8.
 13. The method of claim 9, wherein said produced protein is a heterologous mammalian protein selected from the group consisting of a) an immunoglubulin, such as IgG, b) a light chain or heavy chain of an immunoglobulin, c) a heavy chain or a light chain of an antibody, d) a single chain antibody, e) a camelid antibody, f) a monomeric or multimeric single domain antibody, g) a FAb-fragment, a FAb2-fragment, and, h) their antigen-binding fragments.
 14. A method for producing an antibody having reduced O-mannosylation, comprising: a) providing a PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell having: i. a mutation that reduces endogenous protein O-mannosyltransferase activity as compared to parental strain which does not have such mutation, and, ii. a polynucleotide encoding a light chain antibody and a polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain antibody, b) culturing the cell to produce said antibody, consisting of heavy and light chains, having reduced O-mannosylation, wherein said filamentous fungal cell is selected from the group consisting of Trichoderma, Neurospora, Myceliophthora and Chrysosporium cell.
 15. A protein or antibody composition obtainable by the method of claim
 9. 16. The protein or antibody composition according to claim 15, wherein said protein or antibody comprises, as a major glycoform, either, a) Manα3[Manα6(Manα3)Manα6]Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man5 glycoform); b) Manα6(Manα3)Manβ4GlcNAβ4GlcNAc (Man3 glycoform); c) hybrid or complex type N-glycans, such as the glycoforms selected from the subgroup consisting of GlcNAcMan3, G0, hybrid glycan GlcNAcMan5, and galactosylated derivatives, such as GalGlcNAcMan3, G1, G2; and, GalGlcNAcMan5 glycoforms.
 17. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 2, wherein said second mutation in a PMT gene is a mutation in either: a) PMT1 gene comprising the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, b) a functional homologous gene of PMT1 gene, which functional homologous gene is capable of restoring parental O-mannosylation level by functional complementation when introduced into a T. reesei strain having a disruption in said PMT1 gene, or c) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least 50% identity with SEQ ID NO:2, said polypeptide having O-mannosyltransferase activity.
 18. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 2, wherein said cell has a third mutation that reduces or eliminates the level of expression of an ALG3 gene compared to the level of expression in a parental cell which does not have such third mutation.
 19. The PMT-deficient filamentous fungal cell of claim 3, wherein said cell has a third mutation that reduces or eliminates the level of expression of an ALG3 gene compared to the level of expression in a parental cell which does not have such third mutation.
 20. A protein or antibody composition obtainable by the method of claim
 14. 